Are Invisible, Primordial Black Holes Harboring Dark Mass of the Universe?
Despite a decade spent searching for dark matter with experiments costing tens of millions of dollars from experiments at the bottom of iron mines in Minnesota to the Ice Cube project in Antarctica, nobody has laid eyes on the stuff. It's hard to escape the conclusion that some other explanation for the missing mass is needed.
Cosmologist Paul Frampton at the University of North Carolina and colleagues propose that the missing 23% of mass of the universe is made up of black holes that are too small to see directly but too big to have evaporated away due to Hawking radiation.
Frampton & company arrived at this conclusion by asking the question: what the maximum entropy of the Universe could be by imaging that the entire visible universe were a giant black hole? The answer turns out to be 10^123, a huge number that defines the upper limit on what the entropy can be.
They next determined a lower limit by adding together the entropy in all the known black holes in the universe, with the assumption that there's a giant black hole at the center of every galaxy, a view that is commonly held by the world's astrophysics community. That number is 10^103, many orders of magnitude lower.
This a great deal of entropy, to be sure, but Frampton and co so it is But Frampton says that it's unlikely to be the major contributor in our universe: "Each supermassive black hole is about the size of our solar system or smaller and it is intuitively unlikely that essentially all of the entropy is so concentrated."
Something else must be generating entropy, somewhere. But what and where?
It can't be visible matter since conventional calculations indicate that its entropy adds up to only 10^88. What's left is the entropy of the missing dark mass. What type of black holes could be responsible for this? It turns out that any black hole bigger than 10^6 solar masses would cause nearby matter to spiral into it, preventing galaxies from forming. Anything smaller than 10^-8 solar masses would have evaporated.
The Frampton conclusion is that dark matter is made up of black holes with a mass of between 10^6 and 10^-8 solar masses that were created during two periods of inflation. The first led to the large scale structure of the universe that we see and has been measured by spacecraft such as WMAP. The second led to the lumping that created large numbers of medium-sized primordial black holes.
Frampton's theory can be tested by looking for evidence of these primordial black holes, which should cause microlensing events in which their gravity would focus the light from stars behind them as seen from Earth.
Image at top of page: The invisible radio waves emitting from the Milky Way's dark core. CSIRO found the radio waves from the black hole in galaxy Centaurus A, which lies 14 million light years away from Earth.The team from Australia's Commonwealth, Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) reconstructed a map of the invisible radio waves which spew from the black hole which is 50 million times the mass of the Sun.
Casey Kazan via MIT Technology Review.
arxiv.org/abs/1003.3356: Black Holes Constitute All Dark Matter
arxiv.org/abs/1001.2308: Primordial Black Holes As All Dark Matter
Image Credit: Black hole "image" mapping of invisible radio waves. Credit: CSIRO (Ilana Feain, Tim Cornwell & Ron Ekers)
They next determined a lower limit by adding together the entropy in all the known black holes in the universe, with the assumption that there's a giant black hole at the center of every galaxy, a view that is commonly held by the world's astrophysics community. That number is 10^103, many orders of magnitude lower.
This a great deal of entropy, to be sure, but Frampton and co so it is But Frampton says that it's unlikely to be the major contributor in our universe: "Each supermassive black hole is about the size of our solar system or smaller and it is intuitively unlikely that essentially all of the entropy is so concentrated."
Something else must be generating entropy, somewhere. But what and where?
It can't be visible matter since conventional calculations indicate that its entropy adds up to only 10^88. What's left is the entropy of the missing dark mass. What type of black holes could be responsible for this? It turns out that any black hole bigger than 10^6 solar masses would cause nearby matter to spiral into it, preventing galaxies from forming. Anything smaller than 10^-8 solar masses would have evaporated.
The Frampton conclusion is that dark matter is made up of black holes with a mass of between 10^6 and 10^-8 solar masses that were created during two periods of inflation. The first led to the large scale structure of the universe that we see and has been measured by spacecraft such as WMAP. The second led to the lumping that created large numbers of medium-sized primordial black holes.
Frampton's theory can be tested by looking for evidence of these primordial black holes, which should cause microlensing events in which their gravity would focus the light from stars behind them as seen from Earth.
Image at top of page: The invisible radio waves emitting from the Milky Way's dark core. CSIRO found the radio waves from the black hole in galaxy Centaurus A, which lies 14 million light years away from Earth.The team from Australia's Commonwealth, Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) reconstructed a map of the invisible radio waves which spew from the black hole which is 50 million times the mass of the Sun.
Casey Kazan via MIT Technology Review.
arxiv.org/abs/1003.3356: Black Holes Constitute All Dark Matter
arxiv.org/abs/1001.2308: Primordial Black Holes As All Dark Matter
Image Credit: Black hole "image" mapping of invisible radio waves. Credit: CSIRO (Ilana Feain, Tim Cornwell & Ron Ekers)
Comments
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Of course it's the black holes! Do you people have a black hole in your head?
Posted by: Allan W Janssen | July 29, 2011 at 01:58 PM
Wasting and costing billions of dollars, they search for hundreds of types of invented dark matter particles. Yet they give zero acknowledgement to electromagnetic forces that rule the universe. Huge magnetic fields and cosmic filaments fill the universe, and yet they try to find dark matter, as if it has gravity and nothing else. Utter sheer foolishness and make believe that they get to be the ones to search for the dark matter that they invent themselves, and get to be paid doing it. Einstein used Maxwell's equations to develop relativity, not the other way around. EM forces are real, but pseudo-gravity is not real. Scientists need to start admitting that relativity is based on electromagnetism, and NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND which requires phony dark matter, black holes never seen nor observed nor produced, dark energy, and only 4% of the universe that we can even know actually exists! Dark matter makes fascinating stories for uninformed people to read about, but it is utter nonsense.
holographicgalaxy.blogspot.com
hologramuniverse.wordpress.com
Posted by: HoloGramUniverse.Wordpress.com | July 29, 2011 at 04:48 PM
Maybe a black hole also attracts in stuff from adjacent universes ( after all it's becoming its becoming apparent that we inhabit a Multiverse ) that create more energy & new ( bright & dark ) matter as visible & invisible accretion discs & jets
Posted by: Lexusmaxus | July 29, 2011 at 11:52 PM
Exactly! Black hole enthusiast just have one in their heads!
Posted by: Roman | July 30, 2011 at 12:03 AM
Smolyaninov recently shows how black holes are actually Electromagnetic Plasmons. He states relativity needs to be replaced, and that spacetime analogues are the future emerging science. Plasmons or Plasmoids are the EM black holes that cannot be observed, even though they are so huge that they are at the center of all galaxies. EM forces rule the universe from sand sized objects and smaller all scientists know and admit. Only larger objects have gravity according to pseudo-gravity scientists who purport the outrageous big-bang theory of everything for the universe. Outer space is 99.9% plasma, and stars themselves are plasma, as are galaxies, clusters, and yes so are superclusters and hyperclusters composed of PLASMA. The black hole heads are filled with darkness and confusion. EM forces rule the Universe and shape everything by forces at least equal to gravitational forces stated Hannes Alfven.
Conclusion: Use Logic and Facts and don't invent phony stuff
HolographicGalaxy.blogspot.com
HologramUniverse.wordpress.com
Posted by: HoloGramUniverse.Wordpress.com | July 30, 2011 at 06:46 PM
2HoloGramUniverse.Wordpress.com:
You said: "Plasmons or Plasmoids are the EM black holes that cannot be observed". Well, entities that cannot be observed automatically leave the jurisdiction of science (remember the principle of falsification?).
Hey, just let us be real here! We don't know what's up there unless observed first-hand.
Posted by: Roman | July 30, 2011 at 10:34 PM
If mass curves spacetime, and this is what we detect as gravity, would spacetime that is curved in the absence of mass (that is, it's curved although we have no mechanism to explain why--it would be naturally curvy, so to speak) register as gravity?
Posted by: Jack Butler | July 31, 2011 at 11:06 AM
would spacetime that is curved in the absence of mass (that is, it's curved although we have no mechanism to explain why--it would be naturally curvy, so to speak) register as gravity?
Posted by: burberry outlet | July 31, 2011 at 06:23 PM
Plasmons or Plasmoids are the EM black holes that cannot be observed". Well, entities that cannot be observed automatically leave the jurisdiction of science (remember the principle of falsification?).
Hey, just let us be real here! We don't know what's up there unless observed first-hand.
Posted by: christian louboutin sale | July 31, 2011 at 06:25 PM
www.armonpogosyan.com Samwel Pogosyan-"Primordial Black Holes","The armon struktur of metauniwerse"...
Posted by: samwel pogosyan | September 04, 2011 at 12:34 AM