Russia's Millimetron Space Observatory -The Search for Astro-engineering in the Universe

Russia has a new space mission in preparation that can be used for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. The project Millimetron is a millimeter and sub-millimeter space observatory with a 10 meter diameter mirror, very sensitive receivers for single dish mode and will be used for orbiting VLBI (Very Long Base Interferometer). This telescope would be convenient for a very sensitive all sky survey with the possibility of constructing images of sources with a very high angular resolution. The mission will be useful for the search for astro-engineering constructions in the universe.

The goal of the project is to construct a space observatory operating in millimeter, sub-millimeter and infrared wavelength ranges using 12-m cryogenic telescope. The observatory will provide possibility to conduct astronomical observations with super high sensitivity (down to nanoJansky level) in a single dish mode, and observations with super high angular resolution.

The space-based observatory will also make it possible to look for the signatures of wormholes at the center of large galaxies.

An ordinary black hole focuses light rays passing close to it as if it were a giant concave lens – an effect known as gravitational lensing. A wormhole's negative mass  of phantom matter would have the opposite gravitational lensing effect to normal matter, making any light passing through the wormhole from another universe or point in space-time diverge, and emerge from it as a bright ring. Meanwhile, any stars behind it would shine through the middle.

“It is an interesting attempt to actually think of what a real signature for a wormhole would be, but it is more hypothetical than observational,” says Lawrence Krauss professor and director of the Origins Initiative at Arizona State University. “Without any idea of what phantom matter is and its possible interactions with light, it is not clear one can provide a general argument.”

Millimetron Project is included into the Space Research Program of Russian Federation for 2015. The launch date for the first spacecraft is planned for 2016.

Posted by Casey Kazan.

Related Galaxy posts:

Astro-Engineering Artifacts as Evidence of Extraterrestrial Life
Michio Kaku's Civilizations of the Cosmos
The Great Silence & 1.8 Gigayear Interval
James Cameron & Arthur C Clarke on 2001 A Space Odyssey
New Technologies & the Search for Extraterrestrial Life -A Galaxy Insight
Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos Revisited -NASA's Phoenix Probe & the Search for
Eyes on the Cosmos -European Space Agency's Hawk 1 & Hubble's Successor
Cruising the Goldilocks Zone -The Search for "Super-Earths"
Non-Carbon Lifeforms -Why We May Overlook

Comments

[Claudia]

very interesting info, I will be visiting often

[John Brinks]

Wow, very good stuff indeed.

RT
www.privacy-web.us.tc

[Shean]

very interesting info Thanks!!

[Fred]

Without the link to the original article it is plagiarism, that is unless you interviewed these people yourself, which I doubt, since every article on here is just a re-post or solely internet researched.

http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19726414.600-how-to-spot-a-wormhole-in-space.html

I will be letting the original author know about this blatant hijacking of his work.
http://www.newscientist.com/search?rbauthors=Amarendra+Swarup

[d]

it's a retelling, word of mouth really. not plagiarism at all. like humming part of a copyrighted tune, recording it and then showing that to friends for free :)

[sankaravelayudhan nandakumar]

Space vehicle transportation through opposite spinning infra wormholes
Oxford Astro physics dept is interested revealing the some aspect of cross polarised domains in Bermuda space above the sea Scientific research revealed that acoustic metamaterials have analogues to electromagnetic metamaterials when exhibiting the following characteristics:Eghetha research on composite NRI planes may reveal some truth on Geophysical activity under the sea.
Low frequency and high frequency oscillation generally deal with negative and positive permeability and under certain frequency resonance an intermediate compression and expansion resonance may be initiated equivalent to one of wormholes in Bermuda space as reflective positive and negative modulus. As the frequency increases from zero there are successive regions of transparency, absorption, high reflectance and transparency. The linear transparency shifted towards polarization and the absorption peak is located in infrared and thus infra lowers frequency resonance cross polarization call for absorption at compression bands. Visible to infra wormholes in space through which space vehicle can travel just as that happened in Bermuda space.
Optic lattices of attractive and opposing dynamics deals with Einstein stoke and anti stoke resonance by over lapping resonance initiate an amplification during opposing optic lattices sometimes deals with Twist monsters sending a downward force during any cross polarised oscillation . Solar magnetic field by its cross middle frequency cross polarized oscillation initiate Rogue waves in sea during June-July along surface plasmons polariton at the sea level by the so called Downward Twisters from the space above the sea level.
Scientific research revealed that acoustic metamaterials have analogues to electromagnetic metamaterials when exhibiting the following characteristics:
In certain frequency bands, the effective mass density and bulk modulus may become negative. This results in a negative refractive index. Flat slab focusing, which can result in super resolution, is similar to electromagnetic metamaterials. The double negative parameters are a result of low-frequency resonances.[1] In combination with a well-defined polarization during wave propagation; k = |n|ω, is an equation for refractive index as sound waves interact with acoustic metamaterials (below):[14]
n2 =
The inherent parameters of the medium are the mass density ρ, bulk modulus β, and chirality k. Chirality, or handedness, determines the polarity of wave propagation (wave vector). Hence within the last equation, Veselago-type solutions (n2 = u*ε) are possible for wave propagation as the negative or positive state of ρ and β determine the forward or backward wave propagation.[14]
In negative refractive, electromagnetic metamaterials, negative permittivity can be found in natural materials. However, negative permeability has to be intentionally created in the artificial transmission medium. Obtaining a negative refractive index with acoustic materials is different.[14] Neither negative ρ nor negative β are found in naturally occurring materials;[14] they are derived from the resonant frequencies of an artificially fabricated transmission medium (metamaterial), and such negative values are an anomalous response. Negative ρ or β means that at certain frequencies the medium expands when experiencing compression (negative modulus), and accelerates to the left when being pushed to the right (negative density).[14]

Oxford astro physics dept is interested revealing the some aspect of cross polarised domains in Bermuda space above the sea Scientific research revealed that acoustic metamaterials have analogues to electromagnetic metamaterials when exhibiting the following characteristics:Eghetha research on composite NRI planes may reveal some truth on Geophysical activity under the sea.
In certain frequency bands, the effective mass density and bulk modulus may become negative. This results in a negative refractive index. Flat slab focusing, which can result in super resolution, is similar to electromagnetic metamaterials. The double negative parameters are a result of low-frequency resonances.[1] In combination with a well-defined polarization during wave propagation; k = |n|ω, is an equation for refractive index as sound waves interact with acoustic metamaterials (below):[14]
n2 =r/b
The inherent parameters of the medium are the mass density ρ, bulk modulus β, and chirality k. Chirality, or handedness, determines the polarity of wave propagation (wave vector). Hence within the last equation, Veselago-type solutions (n2 = u*ε) are possible for wave propagation as the negative or positive state of ρ and β determine the forward or backward wave propagation.[14]
In negative refractive, electromagnetic metamaterials, negative permittivity can be found in natural materials. However, negative permeability has to be intentionally created in the artificial transmission medium. Obtaining a negative refractive index with acoustic materials is different.[14] Neither negative ρ nor negative β are found in naturally occurring materials;[14] they are derived from the resonant frequencies of an artificially fabricated transmission medium (metamaterial), and such negative values are an anomalous response. Negative ρ or β means that at certain frequencies the medium expands when experiencing compression (negative modulus), and accelerates to the left when being pushed to the right (negative density).[14]

This information can be applied in revealing the secret of Bermuda triangle in forming the Einstein back and forward wash reference medium of typical quantum mechanics between positive and negative quantum phases in space. Opposing stokes and anti stokes generated may be the attractive and repulsive dynamics over Bermuda space to be evoluted under cross polarised resonance initiating a downward force towards the sea has to be evaluated in understanding Bermuda quantum mechanics.
Main reference:Generation of cross-polarized photon pairs in amicrostructure fiber with frequency-conjugate laser pump pulses J. Fan and A. Migdall Jfan@nist.gov
1) Some secrets of Bermuda traingle quantum mechanics was revealed by Oxford astro physics team member Sankaravelayudhan nandakumar-reg [Incident: 100816-000050] news@nature.com"
2) Backward and forward motion positive and negative dielectric on dipolarised negative medium may reveal Bermuda triangle as ejected from under sea mata materials collected in wormholes-reg [Incident: 100816-000045news@nature.com

References
1. D.R.Smith, W.J.P adilla, D.C.V ier, S.C.Nemat-Nasser , and
S.Schultz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184 (2000).
2. V.G.V eselago, Sov. Phys. Usp. 10, 509 (1968).
3. D.V .Si vukhin, Opt. Spectrosk. 3, 308 (1957), (in Russian).
4. V.E.P afomov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 36, 1853 (1959), (in Russian).
5. http://www.wave-scattering.com/negative.html.
6. A.Schuster , An Introduction to the Theory of Optics, Edward
Arnold, London (1904) .
7. L.I.Mandelstam, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 15, 475 (1945), (in Russian).
8. V.G.V eselago, Fiz. Tverdogo Tela 8, 3571 (1966), (in Russian).
9. R.A.Shelby , D.R.Smith, and S.Schultz, Science 292, 77 (2001).
10. R.B.Gre gor, C.G.P arazzoli, K.Li, B.E.C.K oltenbah, and
M.T anielian, Optic Express 11, 688 (2003).
11. R.Marques, F.Mesa, J.Martel, and F.Median, IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propagat. 51, 10, 2572 (2003).
12. R.W.Ziolk owski, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 51, 1516 (2003).
13. G.D.Malyuzhinets, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 21, 940 (1951), (in Russian).
14. G.V .Elefteriades and K.G.Balmain, Negative Refraction Metamaterials ,
Wiley-Interscience (2005).
15. C.Caloz and T.Ito, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission
Line Theory and Microwave Applications, Wiley-Interscience
(2005).
16. H.Lamb, Proc. London Math. Soc. 1, 473 (1904).
17. H.C.Poklington, Nature 71, 607 (1905).
18. Zhen Ye, arXiv:cond-mat/0408477.
19. Y.Zhang, B.Flue gel, and A.Mascaenhas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91,
157404 (2003).
20. A.V .V ashkovski and E.G.Lock, Sov. Phys. Uspekhi 174, 657
(2004), (in Russian).
21. J.B.Pendry , A.J.Holden, D.J.Roberts, and W.J.Ste wart, J. Phys.
Condens. Matter 10, 4785 (1998) .
22. J.B.Pendry , A.J.Holden, D.J.Roberts, and W.J.Ste wart, IEEE
Trans. Micr. Theory. Tech. 47, 2075 (1999).
23. L.P .Go `rkov and G.M.Eliashber g, Sov. Phys. JETP 21, 942
(1965).
24. V.G.V eselago, Sov. Phys. JETP 25, 680 (1967), (in Russian).
25. P.M.V alanju, R.M.W alser, and A.P .V alanju, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88,
187401 (2002).
26. J.B.Pendry and D.R.Smith, arXiv:cond-mat/0206563.
27. J.B.Pendry , Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966 (2000).
28. X.S.Rao and C.K.Ong, cond-mat/0304474.
29. E.Y ablonovich, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059 (1987).
30. O.P ainter, K.Srini vasaan, and P.Barclay , Phys. Rev. B 68, 035214
(2003) .
31. K.Busch, S.Mingalee v, A.Garcia-Martin, M.Schillinger , and
D.Hermann, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 15, R1233 (2003).
32. E.Istrate, M.Charbonneau-Lefort, and E.Sar gent, Phys. Rev. B 66,
075121 (2002).
32. Ch.Hafner , The Generalized Multipole Technique for Computational
Electromagnetics, Artech House, Boston (1990).
33. A.T aflove, Computational Electrodynamics, Artech House, Boston
(1995).
34. A.T aflove, Advances in Computational Electrodynamics, Artech
House, Boston (1998).
35. A.T aflove and S.Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics,
3rd edn., Artech House, Boston (2000) .
36. K.S.K unz and R.J.Luebbers, The Finite Difference Time Domain
Method for Electromagnetics, CRC Press (1993).
36 J.-P. Berenger, J. Comput. Phys. 114, 185 (1994).
80. Ch.Hafner , Post-modern Electromagnetics, John Wiley and Sons,
Chichester (1999

Sankara Velayudhan Nandakumar along with Hon. Sir J.Pendry F.R.S of imperial college uk special officer on combustion nano technology along with Dr.GANESAN ,IIT professor ,combustion dept Cape Institute of Technology,Nagercoil formerly with ,KNSK Engineering college ,Nagercoil as research scholar,Anna University with Hubble space research committee of Hon.Roger Davies,Hon.Collin Webbs FRS of Laser dn of Oxford uk,Hon.Marteen Rees ,Emeritus Professor of cosmology Cambridge ,former president of Royal society, London.
Sankara Velayudhan Nandakumar member PNAS ,American ,JILA Group member on behalf of Loyola college of Engineering and technology ,Member American committee for the Weizman institute of science ,Energy renovation committee cape Institute of Technology,Nagercoil ,former Guest lecturer ,KNSK Enginering college ,Anna University have surprisingly found out genetic mirror
1)Generation of cross-polarized photon pairs in amicrostructure fiber with frequency-conjugate laser pump pulsesJ. Fan and A. Migdall Jfan@nist.gov
2) Space vehicle transportation through opposite spinning infra wormholes -reg [Incident: 100817-000178 news@nature.com"
3) Your call CNSHD791582 regarding Re: Space vehicle transportation through opposite spinning infra wormholes -reg has been received Outreach@stsci.edu"

[sankaravelayudhan nandakumar]

Citation: Laser wakefield forming capacitive twisters forming systems out of Bossonova-tornado of spiral systems producing energies exeeding a billion electron volts systems using Xenon diflouride- bismuth –palladium/platinum compressed spin opposing rotation at z axis twisters forming the super cloud forces of new electrical source that can be tapped out.
Citation: Laser wakefield forming capacitive electron bunch twisters forming new electrical source that can be tapped out-reg [Incident: 110401-000012 news@nature.com
Laser wakefield propulsion systems out of Bossonova-tornado -reg [Incident: 110331-000027] news@nature.com citation by Sankaravelayudhan Nandakumar ,Project coordinator,CRERC working member with Hon.Roger Davies former Chairman ,Oxford Astrophysics ,now Welton Professor.
The spiral phase capacitor in such laser wakefield processing could dephasing the spiral length that outrun into electron bunches disintegrating palladium atom into electron proton charge phases that can be tapped out. I see a large prosperity of energy availability says Sankaravelyudhan Nandakumar,Project coordinator of Cape Renewable Energy research center,Cape Institute of Technology. This mixture of hydrogen and palladium may also produce such effects out of laser beam that may cause uni-opposite spin twisters that may act as synchronous induction generator.
The largest electric fields for acceleration of particles can be produced by separation of electrons and ions in dense plasma. Strong laser pulses propagating in plasma generate such charge separation through the excitation of wakefields. Wakes with electric fields 6 orders of magnitude larger than in conventional accelerators appear to be feasible. In principle this would allow to reduce the size of accelerators from kilometers to millimeters. Problems arising with plasma accelerators are the generation of extended stable wakefields, controlled synchronised injection of particles into the wave buckets, and the generation of mono-energetic beams. Here we describe a new regime of LWFA, in which ultra-short few-cycle laser pulses, fitting into one wave bucket, drive the plasma wave so hard that it breaks already after the first oscillation. Under these conditions, large amounts (nano-Coulombs) of background electrons can be trapped and accelerated with sharply peaked spectra. In the original LWFA concept (Tajima, Dawson, PRL 43, 267 (1979)), the wave breaking limit was considered as the upper limit of LWFA operation. In what follows, we present two cases in which the wave-breaking limit is exceeded by different amounts. Pulses with these parameters have not yet achieved so far, but are expected to become available in the near future.
Energy spectrum, beam emittance, conversion efficiency
Different from the exponential energy spectrum of electron beams generated in self-focussed plasma channels, the prsent form of acceleration leads to a plateau-like spectrum with a slight peak at energies around 45 MeV. We find 109 relativistic electrons with energies above 5 MeV. The normalized emittance is comparable and better than for conventional accelerators. 15% of the incident laser energy is transferred to the relativistic electron bunch.
The solitary bubble regime
In this second case, a laser intensity significantly above the wave-breaking limit ( a=eA/mc2=10 ) has been chosen such that the wakefield breaks completely after the first oscillation and only a single wakefield bubble survives which is practically void of electrons. Part (c) of the figure below shows electron trajectories in a comoving frame. Yellow electrons are only slightly perturbed by the laser pulse, blue electrons are scattered away, while red electrons hit by the central part of the laser pulse form the mantle of the bubble and are predominantly trapped in the bubble. The trapping is so efficient that after a certain propagation distance there are more trapped electrons in the bubble than were initially in the same volume. At this point beam-loading effects set in and the bubble starts to stretch; after 500 laser cycles the extension is 35 λ and after 700 laser cycles 40 λ. This stretching has a significant effect on the energy spectrum.
The quantum tornado Laser-plasma wakefield accelerators are particularly challenging: they send a very short laser pulse through a plasma measuring a few centimeters or more, many orders of magnitude longer than the pulse itself (or the even-shorter wavelength of its light). In its wake, like a speedboat on water, the laser pulse creates waves in the plasma. These alternating waves of positively and negatively charged particles set up intense electric fields. Bunches of free electrons, shorter than the laser pulse, "surf" the waves and are accelerated to high energies. Driving a plasma channel through a plume of hydrogen gas or xenon diflouride –bismuth-palladium/platinum gas - with one laser pulse, heated and shaped the channel with a second pulse, and created the accelerating wave with a third pulse at a relatively modest 9 TW. In all such techniques plasma is formed by heating the hydrogen gas enough to disintegrate its atoms into their
constituent protons and electrons. A laser pulse traveling through this plasma creates a wake in which bunches of free electrons are trapped and ride along, much like surfers riding the wake of a big ship.
After propagating for a distance known as the "dephasing length" the electrons outrun the wake. This limits how far they can be accelerated and thus limits their energy. To increase the dephasing length requires lowering the plasma density, but at the same time the collimation of the laser beam must be maintained over the longer distance. Vortex light beams that could generated have been used in optics for some time (for example, as optical tweezers formanipulating small particles).

Laser wakefield propulsion systems out of Bossonova-tornado -reg [Incident: 110331-000027] news@nature.com
The spiral phase capacitor in such laser wakefield processing could dephasing the spiral length that outrun into electron bunches disintegrating palladium atom into electron proton charge phases that can be tapped out.I see a large properity of energy availability says Sankaravelyudhan Nandakumar,Project coordinator of Cape Renewable Energy research center,Cape Institute of Technology. This mixture of hydrogen and palladium may also produce such effects out of laser beam that may cause uni-opposite spin twisters that may act as synchronous induction generator.
The largest electric fields for acceleration of particles can be produced by separation of electrons and ions in dense plasma. Strong laser pulses propagating in plasma generate such charge separation through the excitation of wakefields. Wakes with electric fields 6 orders of magnitude larger than in conventional accelerators appear to be feasible. In principle this would allow to reduce the size of accelerators from kilometers to millimeters. Problems arising with plasma accelerators are the generation of extended stable wakefields, controlled synchronised injection of particles into the wave buckets, and the generation of mono-energetic beams. Here we describe a new regime of LWFA, in which ultra-short few-cycle laser pulses, fitting into one wave bucket, drive the plasma wave so hard that it breaks already after the first oscillation. Under these conditions, large amounts (nano-Coulombs) of background electrons can be trapped and accelerated with sharply peaked spectra. In the original LWFA concept (Tajima, Dawson, PRL 43, 267 (1979)), the wave breaking limit was considered as the upper limit of LWFA operation. In what follows, we present two cases in which the wave-breaking limit is exceeded by different amounts. Pulses with these parameters have not yet achieved so far, but are expected to become available in the near future.
Energy spectrum, beam emittance, conversion efficiency
Different from the exponential energy spectrum of electron beams generated in self-focussed plasma channels, the prsent form of acceleration leads to a plateau-like spectrum with a slight peak at energies around 45 MeV. We find 109 relativistic electrons with energies above 5 MeV. The normalized emittance is comparable and better than for conventional accelerators. 15% of the incident laser energy is transferred to the relativistic electron bunch.
The solitary bubble regime
In this second case, a laser intensity significantly above the wave-breaking limit ( a=eA/mc2=10 ) has been chosen such that the wakefield breaks completely after the first oscillation and only a single wakefield bubble survives which is practically void of electrons. Part (c) of the figure below shows electron trajectories in a comoving frame. Yellow electrons are only slightly perturbed by the laser pulse, blue electrons are scattered away, while red electrons hit by the central part of the laser pulse form the mantle of the bubble and are predominantly trapped in the bubble. The trapping is so efficient that after a certain propagation distance there are more trapped electrons in the bubble than were initially in the same volume. At this point beam-loading effects set in and the bubble starts to stretch; after 500 laser cycles the extension is 35 λ and after 700 laser cycles 40 λ. This stretching has a significant effect on the energy spectrum.
The quantum tornado Laser-plasma wakefield accelerators are particularly challenging: they send a very short laser pulse through a plasma measuring a few centimeters or more, many orders of magnitude longer than the pulse itself (or the even-shorter wavelength of its light). In its wake, like a speedboat on water, the laser pulse creates waves in the plasma. These alternating waves of positively and negatively charged particles set up intense electric fields. Bunches of free electrons, shorter than the laser pulse, "surf" the waves and are accelerated to high energies. Driving a plasma channel through a plume of hydrogen gas or xenon diflouride –bismuth-palladium/platinum gas - with one laser pulse, heated and shaped the channel with a second pulse, and created the accelerating wave with a third pulse at a relatively modest 9 TW. In all such techniques plasma is formed by heating the hydrogen gas enough to disintegrate its atoms into their
constituent protons and electrons. A laser pulse traveling through this plasma creates a wake in which bunches of free electrons are trapped and ride along, much like surfers riding the wake of a big ship.
After propagating for a distance known as the "dephasing length" the electrons outrun the wake. This limits how far they can be accelerated and thus limits their energy. To increase the dephasing length requires lowering the plasma density, but at the same time the collimation of the laser beam must be maintained over the longer distance. Vortex light beams that could generated have been used in optics for some time (for example, as optical tweezers for manipulating small particles).
Schematic of the intense laser pulse interaction with the initially neutral, low atomic number gas (i.e. Hydrogen or Helium). Gas is ionized with the foot of the pulse and the wakefield is created behind the laser. Trapped electrons in the right phase can be accelerated to very high energies. The plasma wave is excited most efficiently when the plasma wavelength is equal to the laser pulse duration.
Right-rotating and left-rotating vortex beams are thus formed behind the grid and in the middle there is a conventional electron beam that does not rotate. If the electrons are used to irradiate a material which for its part also influences the angular momentum of the
electrons, and if the electrons are subsequently directed through the made-to-measure platinum screen, then, after this, either the right-rotating or the left-rotating vortex beam will be more intense. This is also possible with rapidly changing electricfield. If the electrons are used to irradiate a material which for its part also influences the angular momentum of the electrons, and if the electrons are subsequently directed through the made-to-measure platinum screen, then, after this, either the right-rotating or the left-rotating vortex beam will be more intense. But a middle frequency resonance may
bringout Nyquist criteria of infinite energy gain which has to be used as Tornado-Bossonova twister force.
Conclusion: A frequency squeezed electron bunching along with laser dephasing cold also be tried to improve the electron bunch collection efficiency by canonical capacitive tree bunch algorithm.
Present Research references:
1)Research works carried out at the dept of Energy’s Lawrence Berkely’s laboratory ,working with colleaques at the University of Oxford by Simon-hooker team
2) Research works carried out by Prof Peter schattschneider ,Institute of solid state physics,at University of Antwerp and TU Vienna.
3)Research works carried out by Hau of Harvard university
4)Blue slaggar research works by Hubble Telescope research team
6) double-humbed Bossonova of self generating gravity acceleration in between the spinor twisters between -1,0 and +1,0 nyquist spinning dynamics-reg [Incident: 110315-000010] news@nature.com
7)Your call CNSHD811505 regarding Overhang algorithm to shift the Tsunami magnified force of Tsunami using Blue slaggar dynamics-reg has been received. Outreach@stsci.edu
7) Nine point overhang algorithm for Tsunami force scattering-reg [Incident: 110319-000009] news@nature.com
8)Your call CNSHD811686 regarding Nine point overhang algorithm for Tsunami force scattering-reg has been received. Outreach@stsci.edu
simon.hooker@physics.ox.ac.uk http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/users/hooker
References
1. T. Tajima, J. M. Dawson "Laser-electron accelerator" Physical Review Letters43, 267 (1979).
2. A. Modena, Z. Najmudln, A. E. Dangor, C. E. Clayton, K. A. Marsh, C.Joshi, V. Malka, C. B. Darrow, C. Danson, D. Neely and F. N. Walsh,"Electron acceleration from the breaking of relativistic plasmawaves," Nature337, 606 (1995).
3. D. Umstadter, S.-Y. Chen, A. Maksimchuk, G. Mourou, and R. Wagner,"Nonlinear optics in relativistic plasmas and laser wakefield accelerationof electrons," Science 273,472-475, (1996).
4. S. P. D. Mangles, C. D. Murphy, Z. Najmudin, A. G. R Thomas, J. L.Collier, A.E. Dangor, P. S. Foster, J. L. Collier, E. J. Divall, J. G.Gallacher, C. J. Hooker, D. A. Jaroszynski, A. J. Langley, W. B. Mori, P. A.Norreys, F. S. Tsung, R. Viskup, B. R. Walton and K. Krushelnick,"Mono-energetic relativistic electron beams from intense laser plasmainteractions," Nature431, 535 (2004).
5. J. Faure, Y. Glinec, A. Pukhov, S. Kiselev, S. Gordienko, E. Lefebvre,J.-P. Rousseau, F. Burgy & V. Malka "A laser-plasma acceleratorproducing monoenergetic electron beams", Nature 431,541 (2004).
6. C. G. R. Geddes, Cs. Toth, J. van Tilborg, E. Esarey, C. B. Schroeder, D.Bruhwiler, C. Nieter, J. Cary, W. P. Leemans "High-quality electron beamsfrom a laser wakefield accelerator using plasma-channel guiding," Nature431, 538 (2004).
7. A. Maksimchuk, S. Reed, N. Naumova, V. Chvykov, B. Hou, G. Kalintchenko,T. Matsuoka, J. Nees, P. Rousseau, G. Mourou, and V. Yanovsky, "Energyscaling of quasi-monoenergetic electron beams from laser wakefields driven by40 TW ultrashort pulses," Appl. Phys. B:Lasers and Optics 89, 201 (2007).
8. A. Maksimchuk, S. Reed, S. S. Bulanov, V. Chvykov, G. Kalintchenko, T.Matsuoka, C. McGuffey, G. Mourou, N. Naumova, J. Nees, P. Rousseau, V.Yanovsky, K. Krushelnick, N. H. Matlis, S. Kalmykov, G. Shvets, M. C. Downer,C. R. Vane, J. R. Beene, D. Stracener, and D. R. Schultz, "Studies oflaser wakefield structures and electron acceleration in underdenseplasmas," Phys.Plasmas 15, 056703 (2008).
9. S. A. Reed, V. Chvykov, G. Kalintchenko, T. Matsuoka, P. Rousseau, V.Yanovsky, C. R. Vane, J. R. Beene, D. Stracener, D. R. Schultz, and A.Maksimchuk, "Photonuclear fission with quasi-monoenergetic electron beamsfrom laser wakefields," Appl.Phys. Lett. 89, 231107-1-3 (2006).
10. S. A. Reed, V. Chvykov, G. Kalintchenko, T. Matsuoka, P. Rousseau, V.Yanovsky, C. R. Vane, J. R. Beene, D. Stracener, D. R. Schultz and A.Maksimchuk, "Efficient initiation of photonuclear reactions usingquasimonoenergetic electron beams from laser wakefield acceleration," Journalof Applied Physics 102, 073103 (2007).
11. N. H. Matlis, S. Reed, S. Bulanov, V. Chvykov, G. Kauntchenko, T.Matsuoka, P. Rousseau, V. Yanovsky, A. Maksimchuk, S. Kalmykov, G. Shvets, andM. C. Downer, Snapshots of laser wakefields, NaturePhysics 2, 749-53, (2006).
12. S. A. Reed, V. Chvykov, G. Kalintchenko, T. Matsuoka, P. Rousseau, V. Yanovsky, C. R. Vane, J. R. Beene, D. Stracener, D. R. Schultz, and A. Maksimchuk, “Photonuclear fission with quasi-monoenergetic electron beams from laser wakefields,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 231107-1-3 (2006).
13. S. A. Reed, V. Chvykov, G. Kalintchenko, T. Matsuoka, P. Rousseau, V. Yanovsky, C. R. Vane, J. R. Beene, D. Stracener, D. R. Schultz and A. Maksimchuk, “Efficient initiation of photonuclear reactions using quasimonoenergetic electron beams from laser wakefield acceleration,” Journal of Applied Physics 102, 073103 (2007).

Citation: Laser wakefield forming capacitive twisters forming systems out of Bossonova-tornado of spiral systems producing energies exeeding a billion electron volts systems using Xenon diflouride- bismuth –palladium/platinum compressed spin opposing rotation at z axis twisters forming the super cloud forces of new electrical source that can be tapped out.
Citation: Laser wakefield forming capacitive electron bunch twisters forming new electrical source that can be tapped out-reg [Incident: 110401-000012 news@nature.com
Laser wakefield propulsion systems out of Bossonova-tornado -reg [Incident: 110331-000027] news@nature.com citation by Sankaravelayudhan Nandakumar ,Project coordinator,CRERC working member with Hon.Roger Davies former Chairman ,Oxford Astrophysics ,now Welton Professor.
The spiral phase capacitor in such laser wakefield processing could dephasing the spiral length that outrun into electron bunches disintegrating palladium atom into electron proton charge phases that can be tapped out. I see a large prosperity of energy availability says Sankaravelyudhan Nandakumar,Project coordinator of Cape Renewable Energy research center,Cape Institute of Technology. This mixture of hydrogen and palladium may also produce such effects out of laser beam that may cause uni-opposite spin twisters that may act as synchronous induction generator.
The largest electric fields for acceleration of particles can be produced by separation of electrons and ions in dense plasma. Strong laser pulses propagating in plasma generate such charge separation through the excitation of wakefields. Wakes with electric fields 6 orders of magnitude larger than in conventional accelerators appear to be feasible. In principle this would allow to reduce the size of accelerators from kilometers to millimeters. Problems arising with plasma accelerators are the generation of extended stable wakefields, controlled synchronised injection of particles into the wave buckets, and the generation of mono-energetic beams. Here we describe a new regime of LWFA, in which ultra-short few-cycle laser pulses, fitting into one wave bucket, drive the plasma wave so hard that it breaks already after the first oscillation. Under these conditions, large amounts (nano-Coulombs) of background electrons can be trapped and accelerated with sharply peaked spectra. In the original LWFA concept (Tajima, Dawson, PRL 43, 267 (1979)), the wave breaking limit was considered as the upper limit of LWFA operation. In what follows, we present two cases in which the wave-breaking limit is exceeded by different amounts. Pulses with these parameters have not yet achieved so far, but are expected to become available in the near future.
Energy spectrum, beam emittance, conversion efficiency
Different from the exponential energy spectrum of electron beams generated in self-focussed plasma channels, the prsent form of acceleration leads to a plateau-like spectrum with a slight peak at energies around 45 MeV. We find 109 relativistic electrons with energies above 5 MeV. The normalized emittance is comparable and better than for conventional accelerators. 15% of the incident laser energy is transferred to the relativistic electron bunch.
The solitary bubble regime
In this second case, a laser intensity significantly above the wave-breaking limit ( a=eA/mc2=10 ) has been chosen such that the wakefield breaks completely after the first oscillation and only a single wakefield bubble survives which is practically void of electrons. Part (c) of the figure below shows electron trajectories in a comoving frame. Yellow electrons are only slightly perturbed by the laser pulse, blue electrons are scattered away, while red electrons hit by the central part of the laser pulse form the mantle of the bubble and are predominantly trapped in the bubble. The trapping is so efficient that after a certain propagation distance there are more trapped electrons in the bubble than were initially in the same volume. At this point beam-loading effects set in and the bubble starts to stretch; after 500 laser cycles the extension is 35 λ and after 700 laser cycles 40 λ. This stretching has a significant effect on the energy spectrum.
The quantum tornado Laser-plasma wakefield accelerators are particularly challenging: they send a very short laser pulse through a plasma measuring a few centimeters or more, many orders of magnitude longer than the pulse itself (or the even-shorter wavelength of its light). In its wake, like a speedboat on water, the laser pulse creates waves in the plasma. These alternating waves of positively and negatively charged particles set up intense electric fields. Bunches of free electrons, shorter than the laser pulse, "surf" the waves and are accelerated to high energies. Driving a plasma channel through a plume of hydrogen gas or xenon diflouride –bismuth-palladium/platinum gas - with one laser pulse, heated and shaped the channel with a second pulse, and created the accelerating wave with a third pulse at a relatively modest 9 TW. In all such techniques plasma is formed by heating the hydrogen gas enough to disintegrate its atoms into their
constituent protons and electrons. A laser pulse traveling through this plasma creates a wake in which bunches of free electrons are trapped and ride along, much like surfers riding the wake of a big ship.
After propagating for a distance known as the "dephasing length" the electrons outrun the wake. This limits how far they can be accelerated and thus limits their energy. To increase the dephasing length requires lowering the plasma density, but at the same time the collimation of the laser beam must be maintained over the longer distance. Vortex light beams that could generated have been used in optics for some time (for example, as optical tweezers formanipulating small particles).

Laser wakefield propulsion systems out of Bossonova-tornado -reg [Incident: 110331-000027] news@nature.com
The spiral phase capacitor in such laser wakefield processing could dephasing the spiral length that outrun into electron bunches disintegrating palladium atom into electron proton charge phases that can be tapped out.I see a large properity of energy availability says Sankaravelyudhan Nandakumar,Project coordinator of Cape Renewable Energy research center,Cape Institute of Technology. This mixture of hydrogen and palladium may also produce such effects out of laser beam that may cause uni-opposite spin twisters that may act as synchronous induction generator.
The largest electric fields for acceleration of particles can be produced by separation of electrons and ions in dense plasma. Strong laser pulses propagating in plasma generate such charge separation through the excitation of wakefields. Wakes with electric fields 6 orders of magnitude larger than in conventional accelerators appear to be feasible. In principle this would allow to reduce the size of accelerators from kilometers to millimeters. Problems arising with plasma accelerators are the generation of extended stable wakefields, controlled synchronised injection of particles into the wave buckets, and the generation of mono-energetic beams. Here we describe a new regime of LWFA, in which ultra-short few-cycle laser pulses, fitting into one wave bucket, drive the plasma wave so hard that it breaks already after the first oscillation. Under these conditions, large amounts (nano-Coulombs) of background electrons can be trapped and accelerated with sharply peaked spectra. In the original LWFA concept (Tajima, Dawson, PRL 43, 267 (1979)), the wave breaking limit was considered as the upper limit of LWFA operation. In what follows, we present two cases in which the wave-breaking limit is exceeded by different amounts. Pulses with these parameters have not yet achieved so far, but are expected to become available in the near future.
Energy spectrum, beam emittance, conversion efficiency
Different from the exponential energy spectrum of electron beams generated in self-focussed plasma channels, the prsent form of acceleration leads to a plateau-like spectrum with a slight peak at energies around 45 MeV. We find 109 relativistic electrons with energies above 5 MeV. The normalized emittance is comparable and better than for conventional accelerators. 15% of the incident laser energy is transferred to the relativistic electron bunch.
The solitary bubble regime
In this second case, a laser intensity significantly above the wave-breaking limit ( a=eA/mc2=10 ) has been chosen such that the wakefield breaks completely after the first oscillation and only a single wakefield bubble survives which is practically void of electrons. Part (c) of the figure below shows electron trajectories in a comoving frame. Yellow electrons are only slightly perturbed by the laser pulse, blue electrons are scattered away, while red electrons hit by the central part of the laser pulse form the mantle of the bubble and are predominantly trapped in the bubble. The trapping is so efficient that after a certain propagation distance there are more trapped electrons in the bubble than were initially in the same volume. At this point beam-loading effects set in and the bubble starts to stretch; after 500 laser cycles the extension is 35 λ and after 700 laser cycles 40 λ. This stretching has a significant effect on the energy spectrum.
The quantum tornado Laser-plasma wakefield accelerators are particularly challenging: they send a very short laser pulse through a plasma measuring a few centimeters or more, many orders of magnitude longer than the pulse itself (or the even-shorter wavelength of its light). In its wake, like a speedboat on water, the laser pulse creates waves in the plasma. These alternating waves of positively and negatively charged particles set up intense electric fields. Bunches of free electrons, shorter than the laser pulse, "surf" the waves and are accelerated to high energies. Driving a plasma channel through a plume of hydrogen gas or xenon diflouride –bismuth-palladium/platinum gas - with one laser pulse, heated and shaped the channel with a second pulse, and created the accelerating wave with a third pulse at a relatively modest 9 TW. In all such techniques plasma is formed by heating the hydrogen gas enough to disintegrate its atoms into their
constituent protons and electrons. A laser pulse traveling through this plasma creates a wake in which bunches of free electrons are trapped and ride along, much like surfers riding the wake of a big ship.
After propagating for a distance known as the "dephasing length" the electrons outrun the wake. This limits how far they can be accelerated and thus limits their energy. To increase the dephasing length requires lowering the plasma density, but at the same time the collimation of the laser beam must be maintained over the longer distance. Vortex light beams that could generated have been used in optics for some time (for example, as optical tweezers for manipulating small particles).
Schematic of the intense laser pulse interaction with the initially neutral, low atomic number gas (i.e. Hydrogen or Helium). Gas is ionized with the foot of the pulse and the wakefield is created behind the laser. Trapped electrons in the right phase can be accelerated to very high energies. The plasma wave is excited most efficiently when the plasma wavelength is equal to the laser pulse duration.
Right-rotating and left-rotating vortex beams are thus formed behind the grid and in the middle there is a conventional electron beam that does not rotate. If the electrons are used to irradiate a material which for its part also influences the angular momentum of the
electrons, and if the electrons are subsequently directed through the made-to-measure platinum screen, then, after this, either the right-rotating or the left-rotating vortex beam will be more intense. This is also possible with rapidly changing electricfield. If the electrons are used to irradiate a material which for its part also influences the angular momentum of the electrons, and if the electrons are subsequently directed through the made-to-measure platinum screen, then, after this, either the right-rotating or the left-rotating vortex beam will be more intense. But a middle frequency resonance may
bringout Nyquist criteria of infinite energy gain which has to be used as Tornado-Bossonova twister force.
Conclusion: A frequency squeezed electron bunching along with laser dephasing cold also be tried to improve the electron bunch collection efficiency by canonical capacitive tree bunch algorithm.
Present Research references:
1)Research works carried out at the dept of Energy’s Lawrence Berkely’s laboratory ,working with colleaques at the University of Oxford by Simon-hooker team
2) Research works carried out by Prof Peter schattschneider ,Institute of solid state physics,at University of Antwerp and TU Vienna.
3)Research works carried out by Hau of Harvard university
4)Blue slaggar research works by Hubble Telescope research team
6) double-humbed Bossonova of self generating gravity acceleration in between the spinor twisters between -1,0 and +1,0 nyquist spinning dynamics-reg [Incident: 110315-000010] news@nature.com
7)Your call CNSHD811505 regarding Overhang algorithm to shift the Tsunami magnified force of Tsunami using Blue slaggar dynamics-reg has been received. Outreach@stsci.edu
7) Nine point overhang algorithm for Tsunami force scattering-reg [Incident: 110319-000009] news@nature.com
8)Your call CNSHD811686 regarding Nine point overhang algorithm for Tsunami force scattering-reg has been received. Outreach@stsci.edu
simon.hooker@physics.ox.ac.uk http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/users/hooker
References
1. T. Tajima, J. M. Dawson "Laser-electron accelerator" Physical Review Letters43, 267 (1979).
2. A. Modena, Z. Najmudln, A. E. Dangor, C. E. Clayton, K. A. Marsh, C.Joshi, V. Malka, C. B. Darrow, C. Danson, D. Neely and F. N. Walsh,"Electron acceleration from the breaking of relativistic plasmawaves," Nature337, 606 (1995).
3. D. Umstadter, S.-Y. Chen, A. Maksimchuk, G. Mourou, and R. Wagner,"Nonlinear optics in relativistic plasmas and laser wakefield accelerationof electrons," Science 273,472-475, (1996).
4. S. P. D. Mangles, C. D. Murphy, Z. Najmudin, A. G. R Thomas, J. L.Collier, A.E. Dangor, P. S. Foster, J. L. Collier, E. J. Divall, J. G.Gallacher, C. J. Hooker, D. A. Jaroszynski, A. J. Langley, W. B. Mori, P. A.Norreys, F. S. Tsung, R. Viskup, B. R. Walton and K. Krushelnick,"Mono-energetic relativistic electron beams from intense laser plasmainteractions," Nature431, 535 (2004).
5. J. Faure, Y. Glinec, A. Pukhov, S. Kiselev, S. Gordienko, E. Lefebvre,J.-P. Rousseau, F. Burgy & V. Malka "A laser-plasma acceleratorproducing monoenergetic electron beams", Nature 431,541 (2004).
6. C. G. R. Geddes, Cs. Toth, J. van Tilborg, E. Esarey, C. B. Schroeder, D.Bruhwiler, C. Nieter, J. Cary, W. P. Leemans "High-quality electron beamsfrom a laser wakefield accelerator using plasma-channel guiding," Nature431, 538 (2004).
7. A. Maksimchuk, S. Reed, N. Naumova, V. Chvykov, B. Hou, G. Kalintchenko,T. Matsuoka, J. Nees, P. Rousseau, G. Mourou, and V. Yanovsky, "Energyscaling of quasi-monoenergetic electron beams from laser wakefields driven by40 TW ultrashort pulses," Appl. Phys. B:Lasers and Optics 89, 201 (2007).
8. A. Maksimchuk, S. Reed, S. S. Bulanov, V. Chvykov, G. Kalintchenko, T.Matsuoka, C. McGuffey, G. Mourou, N. Naumova, J. Nees, P. Rousseau, V.Yanovsky, K. Krushelnick, N. H. Matlis, S. Kalmykov, G. Shvets, M. C. Downer,C. R. Vane, J. R. Beene, D. Stracener, and D. R. Schultz, "Studies oflaser wakefield structures and electron acceleration in underdenseplasmas," Phys.Plasmas 15, 056703 (2008).
9. S. A. Reed, V. Chvykov, G. Kalintchenko, T. Matsuoka, P. Rousseau, V.Yanovsky, C. R. Vane, J. R. Beene, D. Stracener, D. R. Schultz, and A.Maksimchuk, "Photonuclear fission with quasi-monoenergetic electron beamsfrom laser wakefields," Appl.Phys. Lett. 89, 231107-1-3 (2006).
10. S. A. Reed, V. Chvykov, G. Kalintchenko, T. Matsuoka, P. Rousseau, V.Yanovsky, C. R. Vane, J. R. Beene, D. Stracener, D. R. Schultz and A.Maksimchuk, "Efficient initiation of photonuclear reactions usingquasimonoenergetic electron beams from laser wakefield acceleration," Journalof Applied Physics 102, 073103 (2007).
11. N. H. Matlis, S. Reed, S. Bulanov, V. Chvykov, G. Kauntchenko, T.Matsuoka, P. Rousseau, V. Yanovsky, A. Maksimchuk, S. Kalmykov, G. Shvets, andM. C. Downer, Snapshots of laser wakefields, NaturePhysics 2, 749-53, (2006).
12. S. A. Reed, V. Chvykov, G. Kalintchenko, T. Matsuoka, P. Rousseau, V. Yanovsky, C. R. Vane, J. R. Beene, D. Stracener, D. R. Schultz, and A. Maksimchuk, “Photonuclear fission with quasi-monoenergetic electron beams from laser wakefields,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 231107-1-3 (2006).
13. S. A. Reed, V. Chvykov, G. Kalintchenko, T. Matsuoka, P. Rousseau, V. Yanovsky, C. R. Vane, J. R. Beene, D. Stracener, D. R. Schultz and A. Maksimchuk, “Efficient initiation of photonuclear reactions using quasimonoenergetic electron beams from laser wakefield acceleration,” Journal of Applied Physics 102, 073103 (2007).

[sankaravelayudhan nandakumar]

Temperature controlled spurious frequencies for Generation and degeneration:
The internal energy of a system is expressed in terms of pairs of conjugate variables such as temperature/entropy or pressure/volume. In fact all thermodynamic potentials are expressed in terms of conjugate pairs. The enthalpy phase conjugation between pressure and volume and entropy between temperature and viscosity as the temperature and pressure kept constant as isometric and isobaric combinations reflects in entropy and volume. The influence of fluid viscosity on the entropy generation rate is investigated in the pipe flow at different wall temperatures. The temperature and flow fields are computed numerically using the control volume method. It is found that fluid viscosity influences considerably temperature distribution in the fluid close to the pipe wall. In this case, the high temperature gradients extend further towards the pipe center for constant properties case. On the other hand, variable properties reduce the size of the region, where the high temperature gradients occurs in the flow field. Entropy contours follow almost the temperature contours.
Magneticfield controlling the temperature by Peltier effect contributes reversible temperature compensation in the system. The volumetric reflections by a decreasing order may reflect in entropy of the system also as converging configuration and a sudden condensation at the Bernoulli nozzles formed by the magneticfield is possible as mass transfer takes place between pressure increased and decreasing pressure and alternate pressure increase and decrease in contemplated in between positive and negative pressure.
Near the resonant frequencies the induced polarisation will become very large. A combination of circular and linear polarisation repetitions may induce faster reactions. This new material of frequency varied vaporization could frequency phase conjugated to produce an amplified energy gain a part of Bernoulli theorem applications in 45 degree converging nozzles.
A sound wave represents an adiabatic pressure change progressing periodically in space and time. In water, as a result of the density maximum at 4ºC, the simultaneously appearing temperature wave is very small in magnitude compared to the pressure wave. Thus, in the present case essentially we have to consider only the effect of the pressure change on the chemical equilibrium.
. A chemical equilibrium is always pressure-dependent whenever the reaction partners (in equilibrium with each other) differ in volume. When this is the case, a pressure change will induce a chemical excess reaction which takes place at a finite rate and leads to adaptation to the particular equilibrium state concerned. If the periodic pressure change takes place very rapidly in relation to the chemical reaction, the system will practically not "notice" these changes: the rapid positive and negative disturbances average out before the onset of any appreciable reaction.
On the other hand, if the pressure change takes place very slowly compared to the chemical reaction, the system follows these changes with practically no lag. The sound then merely propagates at a slightly lower velocity, for the compressibility of the medium contains a contribution from the state of the chemical equilibrium (cf. Fig. 1b). Now, the interesting case is that in which the rate of re-establishment of equilibrium is comparable to the rate of the pressure change (i. e. when the time constant for the establishment of chemical equilibrium is of the same order of magnitude as the period of the acoustic wave). In this case the system tries to adapt continuously to the pressure change but does not quite succeed, so that it lags behind the pressure change by a finite phase difference. The chemical state is characterized by the concentrations of the reaction partners or the reaction variable. Because of the finite volume difference between the reaction partners in equilibrium, a volume increment characteristic of the chemical change follows the pressure change with a certain phase lag. In all fields of physics where there is this kind of phase difference between "conjugate" variables there is a transfer of energy (in this case a reduction in the amplitude of the sound waves).
For a finite phase difference, the integral JPdVis different for the compression and dilatation periods. It was very quickly found that the absorption could not be caused solely by the interaction between could a simple inter-ionic interaction be the explanation, either in terms of the Debye- Hückel ion clouds, for which we would expect a broad continuum of absorption at high frequenciesII, or in terms of ionic association as described by Nernst12a or Bjerrum12b, which should give a single absorption maximum. In short, it appeared that there was an interaction between magnesium ions, sulphate ions, and water molecules in the form of a sequence of linked reactions.
Even if the series resistances at the spurious resonances appear higher than the one at wanted frequency a rapid change in the main mode series resistance can occur at specific temperatures when the two frequencies are coincidental. A consequence of these activity dips is that the oscillator may lock at a spurious frequency (at specific temperatures). This is generally minimized by ensuring that the maintaining circuit has insufficient gain to activate unwanted modes.
New Aerodynamic propulsion systems:
Citation: Propulsion systems out of Selective metamterials phase conjugated in between positive and negative refractive index by frequency selective electromagnetic resonance may accumulate energy storage clockwise anticlockwise spiral vortices that may be used to propel a aerodynamic space vehicles has been evaluated by CRERC/C.I.T Project coordinator Sankaravelayudhan Nandakumar of new energy research centre formed as guided by Chairman Krishnanpillai.
Near the resonant frequencies the induced polarisation will become very large. A combination of circular and linear polarisation repetitions may induce faster reactions in these materials and possible fast combustion system could be induced
This new material of frequency varied vaporization could frequency phase conjugated to produce an amplified energy gain a part of Bernoulli theorem applications in 45 degree converging nozzles.
A sound wave represents an adiabatic pressure change progressing periodically in space and time. In water, as a result of the density maximum at 4ºC, the simultaneously appearing temperature wave is very small in magnitude compared to the pressure wave. Thus, in the present case essentially we have to consider only the effect of the pressure change on the chemical equilibrium. A chemical equilibrium is always pressure-dependent whenever the reaction partners (in equilibrium with each other) differ in volume. When this is the case, a pressure change will induce a chemical excess reaction which takes place at a finite rate and leads to adaptation to the particular equilibrium state concerned. If the periodic pressure change takes place very rapidly in relation to the chemical reaction, the system will practically not "notice" these changes: the rapid positive and negative disturbances average out before the onset of any appreciable reaction.
On the other hand, if the pressure change takes place very slowly compared to the chemical reaction, the system follows these changes with practically no lag. The sound then merely propagates at a slightly lower velocity, for the compressibility of the medium contains a contribution from the state of the chemical equilibrium (cf. Fig. 1b). Now, the interesting case is that in which the rate of re-establishment of equilibrium is comparable to the rate of the pressure change (i. e. when the time constant for the establishment of chemical equilibrium is of the same order of magnitude as the period of the acoustic wave). In this case the system tries to adapt continuously to the pressure change but does not quite succeed, so that it lags behind the pressure change by a finite phase difference. The chemical state is characterized by the concentrations of the reaction partners or the reaction variable. Because of the finite volume difference between the reaction partners in equilibrium, a volume increment characteristic of the chemical change follows the pressure change with a certain phase lag. In all fields of physics where there is this kind of phase difference between "conjugate" variables there is a transfer of energy (in this case a reduction in the amplitude of the sound waves).
For a finite phase difference, the integral JPdVis different for the compression and dilatation periods. It was very quickly found that the absorption could not be caused solely by the interaction between the Mg2+ and SO4 2- ions and the water, for neither magnesium chloride nor sodium sulphate dissolved on their own produced comparable effects. On the other hand, neither could a simple inter-ionic interaction be the explanation, either in terms of the Debye- Hückel ion clouds, for which we would expect a broad continuum of absorption at high frequenciesII, or in terms of ionic association as described by Nernst12a or Bjerrum12b, which should give a single absorption maximum. In short, it appeared that there was an interaction between magnesium ions, sulphate ions, and water molecules in the form of a sequence of linked reactions.



This ionic fast reactions could be used in Xenondiflouride-bismauth metamateril a vaporising sytems that can be generated in converging nozzles.

Structure of a tapered fiber consisting of an SBS generator and an SBS amplifier connected with a taper structure
Beam propagation of incident beam in the taper region of a tapered fiber.
power reflectivity in the amplifier part, meaning the large-diameter part of the fiber. So far, the damage problem of the fiber will be released by a factor of 25. This type of fiber showed a dynamic range of 1:260, and so far it can be used over a range of 1:200 with very high reflectivity above 90% as shown in Fig. 2.26. The measured fidelity was above 90% over the whole dynamic range. Because of the short length of this tapered fiber below 1 m, the polarization of the incident light was conserved for the reflected light. Therefore, this type of optical phase conjugator can be used in double-pass amplifier schemes using a polarizing element to take out the phase conjugated SBS signal after the second pass through the amplifier system.
The oscillator emits a low-energy beam with a diffraction-limited quality. It is then amplified by the gain medium operating in a double-pass configuration. Due to the conjugate mirror, the returned beam is compensated for any aberrations due to the high-gain laser amplifier. A diffraction-limited beam is extracted by 90 degree polarization rotation. So, according to these remarkable properties, it is expected that we can realize a new class of high-power and high-brightness phase conjugate lasers delivering a beam quality that fits the requirements for scientific and industrial applications.


Compensation of the aberrations due to a phase distorting media by wavefront reflection on a phase Conjugate mirror.


The two main laser architectures involving a phase conjugate mirror for correction of the aberrations due to thermal effects in the gain medium. (a) Laser oscillator with intracavity phase conjugate mirror and (b) master-oscillator power amplifier with a phase conjugate mirror. capability of aberration compensation was also shown in the earliest research works on Fourier optics and holography. Kogelnik [2] had already demonstrated that static aberrations can be compensated by using conventional holographic recording. After processing of the photographic media and proper readout of the hologram, it generated the backward conjugate wave for a clear image restoration through a distorting media. The analogy of phase conjugation with dynamic holography was then outlined by Yariv [3] and in early experiments with photorefractive crystals [4], and it contributed to extend the field of applications, thus including parallel image processing, optical correlation for pattern recognition, holographic interferometry for non destructive testing, incoherent to coherent image conversion, novelty filters for moving object detection .
Optical phase conjugation is now established as a domain of nonlinear optics, and further noticeable advances are expected due to the interest in the development of high-energy or high average power laser sources. The concept of phase conjugation permits the restoration of a beam whose quality is close to the diffraction limit whatever the phase aberrations present on the optical path of the laser beam.
Moreover, this property is maintained even when changing the laser pulse energy or pulse repetition rate. This permits the attainment of a great flexibility in the operating conditions of the source for adjusting its characteristics to the requirements of the applications. Also, another very important property of phase conjugation is the capability of combining and phase locking of several laser
Near the resonant frequencies the induced polarisation will become very large. A combination of circular and linear polarisation repetitions may induce faster reactions in these materials and possible fast combustion system could be induced.
These metamaterials under an increase and decrease in frequency with circular and linear propulsion repetitions .When the frequency of the incident wave in slightly increased ,the applied electricfield will be out of phase wit respect to induced polarisation.as a result exhibiting a negative permittivity as a result ,the electromagnetic field will exert a repulsive force on the material Such resonances occur only GigaHetz range. Using a piece of quantum electronics known as a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), which is extraordinarily sensitive to magnetic fields this may be possible. A superconducting circuit in which the SQUID effectively acted as a mirror. Passing a magnetic field through the SQUID moved the mirror slightly, and switching the direction of magnetic field several billion times per second caused it to 'wiggle' at around 5% the speed of light, a speed great enough to see the effect. The frequency of the photons was roughly half the frequency at which they wiggled the mirror -- as was predicted by quantum theory.
Cold atoms have long wavelengths, which make their interference patterns easier to observe.) We can split a beam of the atoms using thin barriers of pure laser light. When the two beams were combined, they created the familiar double-slit interference patterns circular and linear wave combinations. The atoms going down one path were left alone, but those on the other path were nudged into a higher energy state by a pulse of microwaves (short wavelength radio waves). Following this treatment, the atoms, in their internal states, carried could be controlled by John Pendry N.R.I.method of phase conjugation laser simulations

Material with xenon diflouride-bismuth-gold-silver-aluminium combinations can induced faste phase conjugation reactions that may exert a magnified force.
Sankravelayudhan Nandakumar,Reired Chief Engineer on behalf of Hubble research committee ,N.I.S.T and JILA ,project Coordinator,CRERC/C.I.T.
1) Citation :All the planetary boundary emissions forming a cluster of feedback system act along Equi-frequency surface forming a pointing vector to simulate the humangenes act as a timer along the reversible time [Incident: 110618-000034]news@nature.com
2) Citation: Phase conjugation by reversible tracking mirror –a future photography along the plane of space signal holograms and Neuron memory acting as a timer deciding the fate of humanbeings: [Incident: 110617-000010] news@nature.com

Main references:
1)Generation of cross-polarized photon pairs in a microstructure fiber with frequency-conjugate laser pump pulses:
. Fan and A. Migdall Optical Technology Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg. MD 20899-8441Jfan@nist.gov


2)Immeseasurable fast reactionsthat could be obtained with refrence to in crease in magnesium sulphate or magnesium chloride by Manfred Eigen for biomedical applications



1. A. Eucken, Lehrbuch der chemischen Physik, Vol. II/2, Akad.Verlagsges., Leipzig,
1949, p.1135.
2. P. Langevin, Ann. Chim. Phys., 28 (1903) 433.
3. M. von Smoluchowsky, Physik. Z., 17 (1916), 557, 585.
4. A. Einstein, Ann. Physik., 17 (1905) 549, 19 (1906) 289, 371.
5. L. Onsager, J. Chem. Phys., 2 (1934) 599.
6. P. Debye, Trans. Electrochem. Soc, 82 (1942) 265.
7. H. Hartridge and F. J. W. Roughton, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. A, 104 (1923) 376.
8. B. Chance, in A. Weisberger (Ed.), Technique of Organic Chemistry, Vol. S, Part II,
Interscience, New York, 1963, p. 728.
9. L. Liebermann, Phys. Rev., 76 (1949) 1520.
10. O.B. Wilson and R.W. Leonhard, ]. Acoust. Soc. Am., 26 (1954) 223.
11. L. Hall, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 24 (1952) 704.
12. (a) W. Nernst, Z. Elektrochem, 33 (1927) 428; (b) N. Bjerrum, Dansk. Mat. Fys.
Medd., 7 (1926) 9.
13. K. Tamm and G. Kurtze, Nature, 168 (1951) 346; Acustica, 3 (1953) 33.
14. M. Eigen, G. Kurtze and K. Tamm, Z. Elektrochem., 57 (1953) 103.
2 02 1 9 6 7 M A N F R E D E I G E N
15. M.Eigen, Z.Physik.Chem. (Frankfurt), 1(1954)176.
16. K.Tamm, G.Kurtze and R.Kaiser, Acustica, 4(1954)380.
17. M.Eigen and L.de Maeyer, Z.Elektrochem., 59(1955)986.
18. M.Eigen, Discussions Faraday Soc., 24(1957)25.
19. M.Eigen and K.Tamm, Z.Elecktrochem., 66(1962)107.
20. A.Einstein, Sitz,ber.Preuss.Akad.Wiss.,Physik.-math.Kll (1920)380.
21. W.Nernst, see F.Keutel, Dissertation, Berlin, 1910; E.Grüneisen and E.Goens, Ann.
Physik, 72(1923)193.
22. K.F.Herzfeld and F.O.Rice, Pkys.Rev., 31(1928) 691; see also G.W.Pierce, Proc.
Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 60(1925)271.
23. H.O.Kneser, Am.Phys., 11(1931)761,777.
24. J.Lamb and J.Sherwood, Trans.Faraday Soc., 51(1955)1674.
25. R.O.Davies and J.Lamb, Quart.Rev. (London), 11,No.2(1957)134.
26. H.J.Bauer, H.O.Kneser and E.Sittig, Acustica, 9(1959)181; G.Sessler, Acustica, 10
(1960)44.
27. L.Onsager, Phys.Rev., 37(1931)405; 38(1931)2265.
28. I.Prigogine, Etude Thermodynamique des Phénoménes Irreversibles, Dunod, Paris,
1947; S.R. de Groot and P.Mazur, Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics, North-Holland,
Amsterdam, 1962.
29. J.Meixner, Am. Phys., 43(1943)470.
30. J.Meixner, Kolloid-Z., 134(1953)3.
31. K.Tamm, Z.Elektrochem., 64(1960)73.
32. M.Eigen and L. de Maeyer, in A. Weissberger (Ed.), Technique of Organic Chemistry,
Vol. 8, Part II, Interscience, New York, 1963, p.895.
3 3. F.Eggers, Acustica, in the press.
34. K.Bergmann, M. Eigen and L. de Maeyer, Ber.Bunsenges. Physik. Chem., 67(1963)
819.
35. K.Bergmann, Ber.Bunsenges. Physik.Chem., 67(1963)826.
36. L. de Maeyer, Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, New York, 1968.
37. J.Suarez, Dissertation, T.H.Braunschweig, 1967; L. de Maeyer, M.Eigen and J.Suarez,
J.Am.Chem.Soc., in the press.
3 8. M.Eigen and T.Funck, in preparation.
39. G.Schwarz and J.Seelig, Biopolymers, in the press.
40. M.Wien and J.Schiele, Z.Physik, 32(1931)545.
41. L.Onsager, J.Chem.Phys., 2(1934)599.
42. M.Eigenand J.Schoen, Z.Elektrochem., 59(1955)483.
43. M.Eigen and L.de Maeyer, Proc.Roy.Soc. (London), Ser. A, 247(1958)505; see also
M.Eigen, L. de Maeyer and H.Ch.Spatz, Ber.Bunsenges. Phys.Chem., 68(1964)19.
44. G.Schwarz, Rev.Mod.Phys., 40(1968)206.
45. G.Ilgenfritz, in preparation.
46. G.Ilgenfritz and L. de Maeyer, in preparation.
47. E.F.Greene and J.P.Toennies, Chemical Reaction in Shock Waves, Arnold, London,
1964.
48. A.Jost, Ber.Bunsenges.Physik.Chem., 70(1966)1057.
49. H.Strehlow and H.Wendt, Inorg.Chem., 2(1963)6.

[sankaravelayudhan nandakumar]

A feather in the cap of Albert Einstein for inductive mass by polarized and repulsive and attrcative reversals-reg
These startling observations sent the team back to the idea — first proposed by Albert Einstein but later rejected as his "biggest blunder" — that the so-called vacuum of space might produce a sort of “antigravity” energy that could act repulsively ,accelerating the expansion of the universe.
Many cosmologists say that understanding dark energy is the biggest challenge in cosmology and physics. The matter must have two opposing inductive spirals as attractive and repulsive configuration. This is to say magnetic field flows in opposite direction produces a repulsion This means formation of North pole and south pole magneto spirals in dark matter region contribute a dark matter. This means a circulation current corresponding to flow in opposite directions repel each other. Even in case of inclined tan angle this happens. The meeting point as opposing force contributing a repulsive character. This gives a clue on different polarity of matter formed. Accordingly the inductive mass current circulation in the same direction produces an attractive force ,but in the opposite direction produces a repulsive force.
Is is a strange thing that the matter mass could be differentiated as inductive mass of reversible polarity as contemplated by Albert Einstein contributing anti gravity. "Currently, physicists have to choose between those two theories when they calculate something. Dark energy is giving us a peek into how to make those two theories operate together. Nature somehow must know how to bring these both together, and it is giving us some important clues.
The very mass –matter differentiation out of complex mass as m+im contributing strange behaviour at square root 2c velocity of spin shifting towards perpendicular vector as dis appearing mass ,now the present postulate another important line of thought by mass polarisation.
Even a critical speed increased vibration initiated could be analysed based on this repulsive attractive polar phases during spin differentiation in between normal speed and critical speed.
This is what you see in spiral galaxies, they immediately discovered something entirely unexpected. The stars far from the centers of galaxies, in the sparsely populated outer regions, were moving just as fast as those closer in. This was odd, because the visible mass of a galaxy does not have enough gravity to hold such rapidly moving stars in orbit. It followed that there had to be a tremendous amount of unseen matter in the outer regions of galaxies where the visible stars are relatively few. Rubin and Ford went on to study some sixty spiral galaxies and always found the same thing. “What you see in a spiral galaxy,” Rubin concluded, “is not what you get.

Astrogenetic contributions: Illumination from Casmir force out of super conductive magneticfield interference out of invisible cloaking may be another mile stone Hubble research committee may investigate in future using John Hendry’s invisible cloaking dynamics and we may find such a space domain as lighting out of darkness as postulated early by the laser cooling investigating team. Quantum theory predicts says Sankaravelayudhan Nandakumar,Oxford astrogeneticist..
In fact the graphical representation of convex –concave configuration a observed in Pisces indicates such a possibility of focusing points thus creating a Cassimir force strong enough to carry out such a phase conjugation as multi-optic reflections producing intensities that really illuminate a space out of darkness that may be illuminate automatically.
Conclusion: A concave convex reversal with polarity reversal may contribute a repulsive polarity mass that may contribute typical antimatter as dark matter .There must be reversal possibility always as attractive and repulsive differentiation.
1) Vortex amplification at the center of a Neutrino blackhole named after
future Nobel Laureate John Pendry-reg [Incident: 111002-000074]
news@nature.com news@nature.com
2) villard@stsci.edu
3) Thank you for submitting your issue to us. The tracking number for your new ticket is #15067-23666. You should receive an email containing this information. You can track the status of your ticket in .
4)A feather in the cap of Albert Einstein in understanding attractive and repulsive inductive mass-reg [Incident: 111005-000012] news@nature.com
5) hubblesite.org support: ISSUE=632 PROJ=13

[Sankaravelayudhan Nandakumar]

Citation: Spin hall’s effect may be reevaluated for two strips top and bottom as opposite flowing current producing the opposite spin drifts Intuitively when both the spin-Hall effect and the spin-Coulomb drag are present, the spin current generated by the SHE should be reduced and therefore it is important to take a look at the combined influence of these two effects on spin transport. The directional changes of opposing magneticfield and parallel magneticfield produce an attractive and repulsive forces contributing parallel and opposing currents in Hall’s strip which can not be neglected. This produce a quantized Hall’s effective piezo electric effect of combinational circuit says Sankaravelayudhan Nandakumar by his revolutionary line of thought. Providing a Pendry cloaking strip this can be regulated forming a new design on Quantized Hall’s effect using metamaterials combination transformation optics. A skew effect thus produce out of tapering nozzles provided may produce a new electron fluid dynamics in future research and investigations. It can be hoped that the complex that the complex combination of optical effect produced require an updating using oblique Galaxy plane that unit to form a nozzle flow at denser medium. Perhaps a converging opposite spin produce a new electron fluid dynamics of plasmons at critical 221/2 degree critical nozzle tunneling forming a vacuum at the ventury portion forming an alternative positive and negative pressure out of clockwise and anticlockwise spins.

The external magnetic field can induce the shift of a beam of light However, it is known that the Berry phase of an electron’s Bloch wave can be caused by breaking symmetries, e.g., the inversion symmetry or the mirror symmetry, without external magnetic field In a sense, the Berry phase is caused by the intrinsic angular momentum of a wave function which is not restricted to the primitive angular momentum such as spin. Some of electrical Hall effects and the optical Hall effect are interpreted in a uniform manner as phenomena due to the anomalous velocity which is the vector product of the force and the Berry curvature

A new microchip sand witch that could be designed using magnetic-light sensors along wit metamaterials a screen may revolutionalise a new type of piezo electric effect using piezo electric quartz material along wit combination of aluminium oxide etched surface forming a new piezo electric effect.A oblique folding by tangential magnetic field activity may produce electron flow tapping along the magnetic field rotational disc using magnetizing and demagnetizing cloaking screen. with MS = jMj the saturation magnetization, another material parameter, assumed constant throughout the material. Hence, if Ke > 0 (< 0) the P/H/I MA is larger (smaller) than the demagnetization energy and the magnetization will align out-of-plane (in-plane). Now, the competition between the exchange energy and the effective anisotropy determines the width of the DW. The exchange energy favors a wide DW since it prefers neighboring spins to be aligned parallel, hence, a small angle between them will cost little energy.
Possible opposing spin meta-material transformation optic nozzles using transformation optics may generate matter waves thereby a relative-velocity is increased to produce a repulsive force along z direction wi [Incident: 111103-000036]
hubblesite.org support: ISSUE=1281 PROJ=13

References
[1] Awschalom D D and Flatt´e M E 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 153
[2] Engel H-A, Rashba E I and Halperin B I 2006 Handbook of
Magnetism and Advanced Magnetic Materials vol 5
(New York: Wiley)
[3] Murakami S 2005 Adv. Solid State Phys. 45 197
[4] Karplus R and Luttinger J M 1954 Phys. Rev. B 95 1154
[5] Smit J 1955 Physica 21 877
[6] Smit J 1958 Physica 24 39
[7] Berger L 1970 Phys. Rev. B 2 4559
[8] Berger L 1972 Phys. Rev. B 5 1862
[9] Lyo S K and Holstein T 1972 Phys. Rev. Lett. 29 423
[10] Nozi´eres P and Lewiner C 1973 J. Physique 34 901
[11] Cr´epieux A and Bruno P 2001 Phys. Rev. B 64 014416
[12] Jungwirth T, Niu Q and MacDonald A H 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett.
88 207208
[13] Onoda M and Nagaosa N 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 206601
[14] Dugaev V K, Bruno P, Taillefumier M, Canals B and
Lacroix C 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 224423
[15] Nunner T S, Sinitsyn N A, Borunda M F, Dugaev V K,
Kovalev A A, Abanov A, Timm C, Jungwirth T, Inoue J-I,
MacDonald A H and Sinova J 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 235312
[16] Sinitsyn N A 2008 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 20 023201
[17] Dyakonov M I and Perel V I 1971 Phys. Lett. A 35 459
[18] Dyakonov M I and Perel V I 1971 Zh. Eksp. Ter. Fiz. 13 657
[19] Hirsch J E 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 1834
[20] Zhang S 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 393
[21] Murakami S, Nagaosa N and Zhang S-C 2003 Science
301 1348
[22] Sinova J, Culcer D, Niu Q, Sinitsyn N A, Jungwirth T and
MacDonald A H 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 126603
[23] Culcer D, Sinova J, Sinitsyn N A, Jungwirth T,
MacDonald A H and Niu Q 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 046602
[24] Schliemann J and Loss D 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 165315
[25] Burkov A A, Nunez A S and MacDonald A H 2004 Phys. Rev.
B 70 155308
[26] Murakami S, Nagaosa N and Zhang S C 2004 Phys. Rev. B
69 235206
[27] Murakami S 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 241202
[28] Sinitsyn N A, Hankiewicz E M, Teizer W and Sinova J 2004
Phys. Rev. B 70 081312
[29] Inoue J-I, Bauer G E W and Molenkamp L W 2004 Phys. Rev.
B 70 041303
[30] Mishchenko E G, Shytov A V and Halperin B I 2004 Phys. Rev.
Lett. 93 226602
[31] Schliemann J and Loss D 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 085308
[32] Dimitrova O V 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 245327
[33] Raimondi R and Schwab P 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 033311
[34] Khaetskii A 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 115323
[35] Duckheim M and Loss D 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 195
[36] Gorini C, Schwab P, Dzierzawa M and Raimondi R 2008 Phys.
Rev. B 78 125327
[37] Tse W K and Sarma S D 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 245309
[38] Hankiewicz E M and Vignale G 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett.
100 026602
[39] Cheng J L and Wu M W 2008 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
20 085209
[40] Kato Y K, Myers R C, Gossard A C and Awschalom D D 2004
Science 306 1910
[41] Sih V, Myers R C, Kato Y K, Lau W H, Gossard A C and
Awschalom D D 2005 Nat. Phys. 1 31
[42] Wunderlich J, Kaestner B, Sinova J and Jungwirth T 2005
Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 047204
[43] Stern N P, Ghosh S, Xiang G, Zhu M, Samarth N and
Awschalom D D 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 126603
[44] Stern N P, Steuerman D W, Mack S, Gossard A C and
Awschalom D D 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 843
[45] Zhao H, Loren E J, van Driel H M and Smirl A L 2006 Phys.
Rev. Lett. 96 246601
[46] Hankiewicz E M, Molenkamp L W, Jungwirth T and
Sinova J 2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 241301
[47] Br¨une C, Roth A, Novik E G, K¨onig M, Buhmann H,
Hankiewicz E M, HankeW, Sinova J and Molenkamp L W
2008 arXiv:0812.3768
[48] Gui Y S, Becker C R, Dai N, Liu J, Qiu Z J, Novik E G,
Sch¨afer M, Shu X Z, Chu J H, Buhmann H and
Molenkamp L W 2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 115328
[49] Bychkov Y A and Rashba E I 1984 J. Phys. C: Solid State
Phys. 17 6039
[50] Hankiewicz E M, Li J, Jungwirth T, Niu Q, Shen S-Q and
Sinova J 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 155305
[51] Valenzuela S O and Tinkham M 2006 Nature 442 176
[52] Weng K C, Chandrasekhar N, Miniatura C and
Englert B-G 2008 arXiv:0804.0096
[53] Shchelushkin R V and Brataas A 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 073110
[54] Tanaka T, Kontani H, Naito M, Naito T, Hirashima D S,
Yamada K and Inoue J-I 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 165117
[55] Guo G Y, Murakami S, Chen T-W and Nagaosa N 2008 Phys.
Rev. Lett. 100 096401
[56] Pershin Y V and Di Ventra M 2008 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
20 025204
[57] Pershin Y V and Di Ventra M 2008 arXiv:0812.4325
[58] Kane C L and Mele E J 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 226801
[59] Bernevig B A 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 106802
[60] Bernevig B A, Hughes T L and Zhang S C 2006 Science
314 1757
[61] K¨onig M, Wiedmann S, Br¨une C, Roth A, Buhmann H,
Molenkamp L W, Qi X L and Zhang S C 2007 Science
318 766
[62] K¨onig M, Buhmann H, Molenkamp LW, Hughes T L, Liu C X,
Qi X L and Zhang S C 2008 J. Phys. Soc. Japan 77 031007
[63] Wu C, Bernevig B A and Zhang S C 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett.
96 106401
[64] Xu C and Moore J 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 045322
[65] D’Amico I and Vignale G 2000 Phys. Rev. B 62 4853
[66] Flensberg K, Jensen T S and Mortensen N A 2001 Phys. Rev. B
64 245308
[67] D’Amico I and Vignale G 2001 Europhys. Lett. 55 566
[68] D’Amico I and Vignale G 2002 Phys. Rev. B 65 85109
[69] D’Amico I and Vignale G 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 045307
[70] Vignale G 2007 Manipulating Quantum Coherence in Solid
State Systems (Berlin: Springer)
[71] Badalyan S M, Kim C S and Vignale G 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett.
100 016603
[72] Weber C P, Gedik N, Moore J E, Orenstein J, Stephens J and
Awschalom D D 2005 Nature 437 1330
[73] Cameron A R, Riblet P and Miller A 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett.
76 4793
[74] Engel H-A, Halperin B I and Rashba E 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett.
95 166605
[75] Hankiewicz E M and Vignale G 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 115339
[76] Mott N F and Massey H S W 1964 The Theory of Atomic
Collisions (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
[77] Foldy L L andWouthuysen S A 1950 Phys. Rev. 78 29
[78] Winkler R 2003 Spin–Orbit Effects in Two-Dimensional
Electron and Hole Systems (Berlin: Springer)
[79] Landau L D and Lifshitz E M 1964 Course of Theoretical
Physics vol III (Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann)
[80] Kohn W and Luttinger J M 1957 Phys. Rev. 108 590
[81] Mkhitaryan V V and Raikh M E 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 245428
references
1. Leonhardt, U. Optical conformal mapping. Science 312, 1777–1780 (2006).
2. Pendry, J. B., Schurig, D. & Smith, D. R. Controlling electromagnetic fields.
Science 312, 1780–1782 (2006).
3. Ramo, S., Whinnery, J. R. & Van Duzer, T. Fields and Waves in Communication
Electronics 3rd edn, Ch. 7 (Wiley, 1994).
4. Post, E. G. Formal Structure of Electromagnetics: General Covariance and
Electromagnetics (Interscience Publishers, 1962).
5. Lax, M. & Nelson, D. F. Maxwell equations in material form. Phys. Rev. B
13, 1777–1784 (1976).
6. Schurig, D., Pendry, J. B. & Smith, D. R. Calculation of material properties and
ray tracing in transformation media. Opt. Express 14, 9794–9804 (2006).
7. Leonhardt, U. & Philbin, T. G. General relativity in electrical engineering.
New J. Phys. 8, 247 (2006).
8. Milton, G. W., Briane, M. & Willis, J. R. On cloaking for elasticity and physical
equations with a transformation invariant form. New J. Phys. 8, 248 (2006).
9. Shalaev, V. M. Transforming light. Science 322, 384–386 (2008).
10. Leonhardt, U. & Philbin, T. G. Transformation optics and the geometry of
light. Prog. Opt. 53, 69–152 (2009).
11. Dolin, L. S. On a possibility of comparing three-dimensional electromagnetic
systems with inhomogeneous filling. Izv. Vuz. Radiofiz. 4, 964–967 (1961).
12. Pendry, J. B. et al. Extremely low frequency plasmons in metallic
mesostructures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4773–4776 (1996).
13. Pendry, J. B. et al. Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear
phenomena. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory 47, 2075–2084 (1999).
14. Shelby, R. A., Smith, D. R. & Schultz, S. Experimental verification of a negative
index of refraction. Science 292, 77–79 (2001).
15. Smith, D. R., Pendry, J. B. & Wiltshire, M. C. K. Metamaterials and negative
refractive index. Science 305, 788–792 (2004).
16. Soukoulis, C. M., Linden, S. & Wegener, M. Negative refractive index at
optical wavelengths. Science 315, 47–49 (2007).
17. Lezec, H. J., Dionne, J. A. & Atwater, H. A. Negative refraction at visible
frequencies. Science 316, 430–432 (2007).
18. Yao, J. et al. Optical negative refraction in bulk metamaterials of nanowires.
Science 321, 930 (2008).
19. Valentine, J. et al. Three-dimensional optical metamaterial with a negative
refractive index. Nature 455, 376–379 (2008).
20. Kerker, M. Invisible bodies. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 376–379 (1975).
21. Nicorovici, N. A., McPhedran, R. C. & Milton, G. W. Optical and dielectric
properties of partially resonant composites. Phys. Rev. B 49, 8479–8482
acsf@cornell.edu
webteam@aei.mpg.de

[Sankaravelayudhan Nandakumar]

Citation: Spin hall’s effect may be reevaluated for two strips top and bottom as opposite flowing current producing the opposite spin drifts Intuitively when both the spin-Hall effect and the spin-Coulomb drag are present, the spin current generated by the SHE should be reduced and therefore it is important to take a look at the combined influence of these two effects on spin transport. The directional changes of opposing magneticfield and parallel magneticfield produce an attractive and repulsive forces contributing parallel and opposing currents in Hall’s strip which can not be neglected. This produce a quantized Hall’s effective piezo electric effect of combinational circuit says Sankaravelayudhan Nandakumar by his revolutionary line of thought. Providing a Pendry cloaking strip this can be regulated forming a new design on Quantized Hall’s effect using metamaterials combination transformation optics. A skew effect thus produce out of tapering nozzles provided may produce a new electron fluid dynamics in future research and investigations. It can be hoped that the complex that the complex combination of optical effect produced require an updating using oblique Galaxy plane that unit to form a nozzle flow at denser medium. Perhaps a converging opposite spin produce a new electron fluid dynamics of plasmons at critical 221/2 degree critical nozzle tunneling forming a vacuum at the ventury portion forming an alternative positive and negative pressure out of clockwise and anticlockwise spins.

The external magnetic field can induce the shift of a beam of light However, it is known that the Berry phase of an electron’s Bloch wave can be caused by breaking symmetries, e.g., the inversion symmetry or the mirror symmetry, without external magnetic field In a sense, the Berry phase is caused by the intrinsic angular momentum of a wave function which is not restricted to the primitive angular momentum such as spin. Some of electrical Hall effects and the optical Hall effect are interpreted in a uniform manner as phenomena due to the anomalous velocity which is the vector product of the force and the Berry curvature

A new microchip sand witch that could be designed using magnetic-light sensors along wit metamaterials a screen may revolutionalise a new type of piezo electric effect using piezo electric quartz material along wit combination of aluminium oxide etched surface forming a new piezo electric effect.A oblique folding by tangential magnetic field activity may produce electron flow tapping along the magnetic field rotational disc using magnetizing and demagnetizing cloaking screen. with MS = jMj the saturation magnetization, another material parameter, assumed constant throughout the material. Hence, if Ke > 0 (< 0) the P/H/I MA is larger (smaller) than the demagnetization energy and the magnetization will align out-of-plane (in-plane). Now, the competition between the exchange energy and the effective anisotropy determines the width of the DW. The exchange energy favors a wide DW since it prefers neighboring spins to be aligned parallel, hence, a small angle between them will cost little energy.
Possible opposing spin meta-material transformation optic nozzles using transformation optics may generate matter waves thereby a relative-velocity is increased to produce a repulsive force along z direction wi [Incident: 111103-000036]
hubblesite.org support: ISSUE=1281 PROJ=13

References
[1] Awschalom D D and Flatt´e M E 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 153
[2] Engel H-A, Rashba E I and Halperin B I 2006 Handbook of
Magnetism and Advanced Magnetic Materials vol 5
(New York: Wiley)
[3] Murakami S 2005 Adv. Solid State Phys. 45 197
[4] Karplus R and Luttinger J M 1954 Phys. Rev. B 95 1154
[5] Smit J 1955 Physica 21 877
[6] Smit J 1958 Physica 24 39
[7] Berger L 1970 Phys. Rev. B 2 4559
[8] Berger L 1972 Phys. Rev. B 5 1862
[9] Lyo S K and Holstein T 1972 Phys. Rev. Lett. 29 423
[10] Nozi´eres P and Lewiner C 1973 J. Physique 34 901
[11] Cr´epieux A and Bruno P 2001 Phys. Rev. B 64 014416
[12] Jungwirth T, Niu Q and MacDonald A H 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett.
88 207208
[13] Onoda M and Nagaosa N 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 206601
[14] Dugaev V K, Bruno P, Taillefumier M, Canals B and
Lacroix C 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 224423
[15] Nunner T S, Sinitsyn N A, Borunda M F, Dugaev V K,
Kovalev A A, Abanov A, Timm C, Jungwirth T, Inoue J-I,
MacDonald A H and Sinova J 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 235312
[16] Sinitsyn N A 2008 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 20 023201
[17] Dyakonov M I and Perel V I 1971 Phys. Lett. A 35 459
[18] Dyakonov M I and Perel V I 1971 Zh. Eksp. Ter. Fiz. 13 657
[19] Hirsch J E 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 1834
[20] Zhang S 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 393
[21] Murakami S, Nagaosa N and Zhang S-C 2003 Science
301 1348
[22] Sinova J, Culcer D, Niu Q, Sinitsyn N A, Jungwirth T and
MacDonald A H 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 126603
[23] Culcer D, Sinova J, Sinitsyn N A, Jungwirth T,
MacDonald A H and Niu Q 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 046602
[24] Schliemann J and Loss D 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 165315
[25] Burkov A A, Nunez A S and MacDonald A H 2004 Phys. Rev.
B 70 155308
[26] Murakami S, Nagaosa N and Zhang S C 2004 Phys. Rev. B
69 235206
[27] Murakami S 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 241202
[28] Sinitsyn N A, Hankiewicz E M, Teizer W and Sinova J 2004
Phys. Rev. B 70 081312
[29] Inoue J-I, Bauer G E W and Molenkamp L W 2004 Phys. Rev.
B 70 041303
[30] Mishchenko E G, Shytov A V and Halperin B I 2004 Phys. Rev.
Lett. 93 226602
[31] Schliemann J and Loss D 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 085308
[32] Dimitrova O V 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 245327
[33] Raimondi R and Schwab P 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 033311
[34] Khaetskii A 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 115323
[35] Duckheim M and Loss D 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 195
[36] Gorini C, Schwab P, Dzierzawa M and Raimondi R 2008 Phys.
Rev. B 78 125327
[37] Tse W K and Sarma S D 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 245309
[38] Hankiewicz E M and Vignale G 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett.
100 026602
[39] Cheng J L and Wu M W 2008 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
20 085209
[40] Kato Y K, Myers R C, Gossard A C and Awschalom D D 2004
Science 306 1910
[41] Sih V, Myers R C, Kato Y K, Lau W H, Gossard A C and
Awschalom D D 2005 Nat. Phys. 1 31
[42] Wunderlich J, Kaestner B, Sinova J and Jungwirth T 2005
Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 047204
[43] Stern N P, Ghosh S, Xiang G, Zhu M, Samarth N and
Awschalom D D 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 126603
[44] Stern N P, Steuerman D W, Mack S, Gossard A C and
Awschalom D D 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 843
[45] Zhao H, Loren E J, van Driel H M and Smirl A L 2006 Phys.
Rev. Lett. 96 246601
[46] Hankiewicz E M, Molenkamp L W, Jungwirth T and
Sinova J 2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 241301
[47] Br¨une C, Roth A, Novik E G, K¨onig M, Buhmann H,
Hankiewicz E M, HankeW, Sinova J and Molenkamp L W
2008 arXiv:0812.3768
[48] Gui Y S, Becker C R, Dai N, Liu J, Qiu Z J, Novik E G,
Sch¨afer M, Shu X Z, Chu J H, Buhmann H and
Molenkamp L W 2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 115328
[49] Bychkov Y A and Rashba E I 1984 J. Phys. C: Solid State
Phys. 17 6039
[50] Hankiewicz E M, Li J, Jungwirth T, Niu Q, Shen S-Q and
Sinova J 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 155305
[51] Valenzuela S O and Tinkham M 2006 Nature 442 176
[52] Weng K C, Chandrasekhar N, Miniatura C and
Englert B-G 2008 arXiv:0804.0096
[53] Shchelushkin R V and Brataas A 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 073110
[54] Tanaka T, Kontani H, Naito M, Naito T, Hirashima D S,
Yamada K and Inoue J-I 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 165117
[55] Guo G Y, Murakami S, Chen T-W and Nagaosa N 2008 Phys.
Rev. Lett. 100 096401
[56] Pershin Y V and Di Ventra M 2008 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
20 025204
[57] Pershin Y V and Di Ventra M 2008 arXiv:0812.4325
[58] Kane C L and Mele E J 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 226801
[59] Bernevig B A 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 106802
[60] Bernevig B A, Hughes T L and Zhang S C 2006 Science
314 1757
[61] K¨onig M, Wiedmann S, Br¨une C, Roth A, Buhmann H,
Molenkamp L W, Qi X L and Zhang S C 2007 Science
318 766
[62] K¨onig M, Buhmann H, Molenkamp LW, Hughes T L, Liu C X,
Qi X L and Zhang S C 2008 J. Phys. Soc. Japan 77 031007
[63] Wu C, Bernevig B A and Zhang S C 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett.
96 106401
[64] Xu C and Moore J 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 045322
[65] D’Amico I and Vignale G 2000 Phys. Rev. B 62 4853
[66] Flensberg K, Jensen T S and Mortensen N A 2001 Phys. Rev. B
64 245308
[67] D’Amico I and Vignale G 2001 Europhys. Lett. 55 566
[68] D’Amico I and Vignale G 2002 Phys. Rev. B 65 85109
[69] D’Amico I and Vignale G 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 045307
[70] Vignale G 2007 Manipulating Quantum Coherence in Solid
State Systems (Berlin: Springer)
[71] Badalyan S M, Kim C S and Vignale G 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett.
100 016603
[72] Weber C P, Gedik N, Moore J E, Orenstein J, Stephens J and
Awschalom D D 2005 Nature 437 1330
[73] Cameron A R, Riblet P and Miller A 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett.
76 4793
[74] Engel H-A, Halperin B I and Rashba E 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett.
95 166605
[75] Hankiewicz E M and Vignale G 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 115339
[76] Mott N F and Massey H S W 1964 The Theory of Atomic
Collisions (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
[77] Foldy L L andWouthuysen S A 1950 Phys. Rev. 78 29
[78] Winkler R 2003 Spin–Orbit Effects in Two-Dimensional
Electron and Hole Systems (Berlin: Springer)
[79] Landau L D and Lifshitz E M 1964 Course of Theoretical
Physics vol III (Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann)
[80] Kohn W and Luttinger J M 1957 Phys. Rev. 108 590
[81] Mkhitaryan V V and Raikh M E 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 245428
references
1. Leonhardt, U. Optical conformal mapping. Science 312, 1777–1780 (2006).
2. Pendry, J. B., Schurig, D. & Smith, D. R. Controlling electromagnetic fields.
Science 312, 1780–1782 (2006).
3. Ramo, S., Whinnery, J. R. & Van Duzer, T. Fields and Waves in Communication
Electronics 3rd edn, Ch. 7 (Wiley, 1994).
4. Post, E. G. Formal Structure of Electromagnetics: General Covariance and
Electromagnetics (Interscience Publishers, 1962).
5. Lax, M. & Nelson, D. F. Maxwell equations in material form. Phys. Rev. B
13, 1777–1784 (1976).
6. Schurig, D., Pendry, J. B. & Smith, D. R. Calculation of material properties and
ray tracing in transformation media. Opt. Express 14, 9794–9804 (2006).
7. Leonhardt, U. & Philbin, T. G. General relativity in electrical engineering.
New J. Phys. 8, 247 (2006).
8. Milton, G. W., Briane, M. & Willis, J. R. On cloaking for elasticity and physical
equations with a transformation invariant form. New J. Phys. 8, 248 (2006).
9. Shalaev, V. M. Transforming light. Science 322, 384–386 (2008).
10. Leonhardt, U. & Philbin, T. G. Transformation optics and the geometry of
light. Prog. Opt. 53, 69–152 (2009).
11. Dolin, L. S. On a possibility of comparing three-dimensional electromagnetic
systems with inhomogeneous filling. Izv. Vuz. Radiofiz. 4, 964–967 (1961).
12. Pendry, J. B. et al. Extremely low frequency plasmons in metallic
mesostructures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4773–4776 (1996).
13. Pendry, J. B. et al. Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear
phenomena. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory 47, 2075–2084 (1999).
14. Shelby, R. A., Smith, D. R. & Schultz, S. Experimental verification of a negative
index of refraction. Science 292, 77–79 (2001).
15. Smith, D. R., Pendry, J. B. & Wiltshire, M. C. K. Metamaterials and negative
refractive index. Science 305, 788–792 (2004).
16. Soukoulis, C. M., Linden, S. & Wegener, M. Negative refractive index at
optical wavelengths. Science 315, 47–49 (2007).
17. Lezec, H. J., Dionne, J. A. & Atwater, H. A. Negative refraction at visible
frequencies. Science 316, 430–432 (2007).
18. Yao, J. et al. Optical negative refraction in bulk metamaterials of nanowires.
Science 321, 930 (2008).
19. Valentine, J. et al. Three-dimensional optical metamaterial with a negative
refractive index. Nature 455, 376–379 (2008).
20. Kerker, M. Invisible bodies. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 376–379 (1975).
21. Nicorovici, N. A., McPhedran, R. C. & Milton, G. W. Optical and dielectric
properties of partially resonant composites. Phys. Rev. B 49, 8479–8482
acsf@cornell.edu
webteam@aei.mpg.de