Mini Galaxies 200 Billion X Mass of the Sun Populated Early Universe

The universe was only 3 billion years old, merely an infant, and yet already it was exhibiting strange tendencies. A team of astronomers have looked at the universe’s past, and found nine young, and surprisingly compact galaxies, each weighing in at 200 billion times the mass of our own Sun.

"Seeing the compact sizes of these galaxies is a puzzle," said Pieter G. van Dokkum of Yale, who led the study. "No massive galaxy at this distance has ever been observed to be so compact, and it is not yet clear how one of these would build itself up to be the size of the galaxies we see today."

The astronomers estimated that the stars in the compact galaxies are spinning around their galactic disks at roughly 1 million miles an hour (500 kilometers a second). Stars in today's galaxies, by contrast, are traveling at about half that speed because they are larger and rotate more slowly.

The galaxies, each only 5,000 light-years across, are a fraction of the size of today's "grownup" galaxies but contain approximately the same number of stars. Each could fit inside the central hub of the Milky Way. "These ultra-dense galaxies, forming the building blocks of today's largest galaxies, might comprise half of all galaxies of that mass at this early time," van Dokkum said.

But, van Dokkum noted that they would have to change a lot over 11 billion years -- they would have to grow five times bigger, "While they could get larger by colliding with other galaxies, such collisions may not be the complete answer," he said.

Astronomers used NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and the W.M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, to study the galaxies whose light has been traveling toward us for 11 billion years. "What we see now is the way these compact galaxies existed 11 billion years ago, when the universe was less than 3 billion years old," van Dokkum explained. "Only Hubble and Keck can see the sizes of these galaxies because they are very small and far away."

In 2006, the research team also studied the galaxies with the Gemini South Telescope Near-Infrared Spectrograph, on Cerro Pachon in the Chilean Andes. Those observations provided the galaxies' distances and showed that the stars are a half a billion to a billion years old, and that the most massive stars had already exploded as supernovae.

"In the Hubble Deep Field, astronomers found that star-forming galaxies are small," said Marijn Franx of Leiden University, The Netherlands. "However, these galaxies were also very low in mass. They weigh much less than our Milky Way. Our study, which surveyed a much larger area than in the Hubble Deep Field, surprisingly shows that galaxies with the same weight as our Milky Way were also very small in the past. All galaxies look really different in early times, even massive ones that formed their stars early."

Van Dokkum speculated that these small, crowded galaxies involved an interaction in the emerging universe between hydrogen gas and dark matter -- an invisible form of matter that accounts for most of the universe's mass. Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe contained an uneven landscape of dark matter. He said that hydrogen gas could have been trapped in puddles of the invisible material which began spinning rapidly in dark matter's gravitational whirlpool, forming stars at a furious rate.

Posted by Josh Hill.

Adapted from materials provided by Yale University, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.