Can Cloning Preserve The Planet’s Biological Heritage?

“Modern life” is killing off the animal kingdom, but there are no easy solutions for the crisis. Some scientists believe that cloning may offer a partial solution. While it may make only a tiny dent in the problem, scientists argue that at least it would preserve the world’s biological heritage from total annihilation.

Currently, Malaysia is studying a plan to clone leatherback turtles, an endangered species that scientists say once swam with dinosaurs, an official announced this week.

Human activity, including shoreline development, fishing, pollution and the stealing of eggs has increasingly threatened the creatures’ survival.

According to the director-general of the Fisheries Department, Junaidi Che Ayub something has to be done.

"The number of leatherbacks is decreasing every year," he told The Associated Press. "Even though some of them have returned to our shores to nest, their eggs are not fertile and do not hatch."

He says the clones could produce hatchlings to boost the population. But wouldn’t that be like putting a band-aid on a gaping wound?

Malaysia once had one of the world's largest populations of the turtles. But, the United Nations report last year said the leatherbacks, which can weigh up to a ton, have become virtually extinct in Malaysia, with nest sites dipping from 5,000 in the 1960s to less than 10 turtles in recent years.

Tests could first be carried out on Malaysia's abundant green turtles to see if cloning reptiles is even possible, Junaidi said. So far, cloning has only been done only on mammals such as dogs, sheep, cats and cows, and uncertainties persist about cloned animals' health and life spans. But cloning advocates say that cloning is a viable way to preserve species from extinction.

Other scientists are taking cloning to a whole new level. They want to clone animals that are already extinct.

In an earlier Daily Galaxy post Neanderthal Man, the Sequel -Scientists Aim to Bring Extinct Species Back to Life, we discussed how paleontologists are piecing together the complete genomes of long-dead species, such as the woolly mammoth and the Neanderthals, in an effort to bring them back to life.

Eske Willerslev of the University of Copenhagen in Denmark who is working on reconstructing the mammoth says he believes it is possible to bring back an extinct species like a mammoth if an extremely well preserved cell is found. He May have gotten his wish. A beautifully persevered baby mammoth was recently announced.

"The mammoth has no defects except that its tail was bit off," said Alexei Tikhonov, deputy director of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a member of the delegation.

“In terms of its state of preservation, this is the world's most valuable discovery,” he said.

The six-month-old female calf was discovered on the Yamal peninsula of Russia and is thought to have died 10,000 years ago.

The animal's trunk and eyes are still intact and even some of its fur remains on the body. The 130cm (4ft 3ins) tall, 50kg Siberian specimen dates to the end of the last Ice Age, when the great beasts were vanishing from the planet.

Larry Agenbroad, director of the Mammoth Site of Hot Springs research centre in South Dakota, US, points out: "To find a juvenile mammoth in any condition is extremely rare."

Despite the inherent challenges, Dr Agenbroad is optimistic about the potential for cloning or “resurrecting” the long gone species.

"When we got the Jarkov mammoth [found frozen in Taimyr, Siberia, in 1997], the geneticists told me: 'if you can get us good DNA, we'll have a baby mammoth for you in 22 months'," he told BBC News.

The mammoth is an extinct member of the elephant family, which may help with the potential cloning process. According to Hendrick Poinar of McMaster University in Canada, "it's theoretically possible" to bring the creature back to life.

"I think it's going to be done at some point. Once you have the genome of a mammoth, you could compare it with the genome of its closest relative, the Asian elephant. Then you could genetically engineer the elephant DNA, point by point, so that it matches the mammoth DNA," he said.

"Then, by inserting this modified DNA into an elephant's egg cell, and implanting it in an elephant's womb, you could create a modified elephant that's nearly identical to the original mammoth. Or it could become possible to make entire chromosomes from scratch. I wouldn't be surprised if, in ten years, you'd be able to synthesize chromosome-length DNA," he said.

What caused the mammoth's widespread disappearance at the end of the last Ice Age remains a mystery. Possible culprits are climate change or overkill by human hunters, or a combination of both.

Mammoths first appeared in the Pliocene Epoch, 4.8 million years ago, but a population of mammoths lived in isolation on Russia's remote Wrangel Island until just 5,000 years ago.

Whether the leatherback sea turtles or the mammoth even can be cloned, has yet to be seen. Scientists are hopeful, but even if they can successfully clone the animals—cloning is not a long-term solution to the current widespread extinction crisis. Gawking at a living mammoth would be incredible, don’t get me wrong—but it won’t save the lives of thousands of precious modern day species disappearing due to man-made causes. No, we’ll need some much bigger solutions than cloning if we truly want to preserve the world’s biological heritage.

Posted by Rebecca Sato

Related posts:

Bigger Threat Than Global Warming: Mass Species Extinction

Neanderthal Man, the Sequel -Scientists Aim to Bring Extinct Species Back to Life

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Comments

[juantuffgai]

Can't we just clone a T-Bone steak instead? It seems like that would solve all our problems...except for the vegans and hippies.